Safety of COVID-19 vaccine in patients with myasthenia gravis: a self-controlled case series study.

Background: The safety of COVID-19 vaccines has been clarified in clinical trials; however, some immunocompromised patients, such as myasthenia gravis (MG) patients, are still hesitant to receive vaccines. Whether COVID-19 vaccination increases the risk of disease worsening in these patients remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate the risk of disease exacerbation in COVID-19-vaccinated MG patients. Methods: The data in this study were collected from the MG database at Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, and the Tertiary Referral Diagnostic Center at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, from 1 April 2022 to 31 October 2022. A self-controlled case series method was applied, and the incidence rate ratios were calculated in the prespecified risk period using conditional Poisson regression. Results: Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines did not increase the risk of disease exacerbation in MG patients with stable disease status. A few patients experienced transient disease worsening, but the symptoms were mild. It is noted that more attention should be paid to thymoma-related MG, especially within 1 week after COVID-19 vaccination. Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination has no long-term impact on MG relapse.

Chiral supramolecular coordination cages as high-performance inhibitors against amyloid-ß aggregation.

Four pairs of chiral supramolecular coordination cages were facilely synthesized, and they could efficiently inhibit amyloid-ß (Aß) aggregation with a high inhibition rate of 0.64-0.86. This research provides a new perspective on the design of chiral Aß inhibitors using supramolecular metal-organic cages.

Preferential oxidation-induced etching of zigzag edges in nanographene.

We investigated the thermal oxidation process of nanographene using activated carbon fibers (ACFs) by thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), and electrical conductance measurements. The oxidation process started from the edge of nanographene with the formation of phenol (-OH) or ether (C-O-C) groups attached to edge carbon atoms, as verified by the XPS and NEXAFS results. While the TG results indicated a decrease in the size of the nanographene sheet during the oxidation process, the intensity of the edge-state peak, i.e., the signature of the zigzag edge, decreased in the C K-edge NEXAFS spectra. This suggests that the zigzag edge preferentially reacted with oxygen and that the nanographene terminated with the thermodynamically unstable zigzag edges converted to one terminated with stable armchair edges. As the oxidation temperature increased, the activation energy for the electron hopping transport governed by the Coulomb gap variable range hopping between the nanographene sheets increased, and the tunneling barrier decreased. This change can be understood on the basis of the decrease in the size of the nanographene sheets together with the preferential etching of nanographene edges and the decrease in the inter-nanographene-sheet distance.

Magnetic edge-states in nanographene, HNO3-doped nanographene and its residue compounds of nanographene-based nanoporous carbon.

We investigated the magnetic and electronic properties of nanographene and its charge transfer effect, using near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), magnetic susceptibility and ESR measurements, and elemental analysis, with the employment of nanoporous carbon, which consists of a three dimensional disordered network of loosely stacked nanographene sheets, in relation to the host-guest interaction with HNO3 as the electron-accepting guest. The adsorption of electron acceptor HNO3 decreases the intensity of the edge state peak in NEXAFS as a result of the charge-transfer-induced Fermi energy downshift, in agreement with the decrease in the edge-state spin concentration, and it also induces the structural expansion, which makes the inter-nanographene sheet distance elongated, resulting in weakening of the inter-nanographene-sheet antiferromagnetic interaction as evidenced by the decrease in the Weiss temperature. In addition, the decomposition of HNO3, which takes place with the electron-rich edge state as an oxidation catalyst, results in the creation of oxygen/nitrogen-containing functional groups bonded to the periphery of the nanographene sheets. Heat-treatment of the HNO3-ACFs under evacuation desorbs the HNO3 molecules completely, though a part of the oxygen/nitrogen-containing species remains strongly bonded to the edge even at a high temperature of ∼800 °C, according to NEXAFS and elemental analysis results. These remaining species participate in the charge transfer, modifying the electronic structure as observed with the decrease in the orbital susceptibility and the strengthening of the inter-nanographene-sheet antiferromagnetic interaction.

Probing the catalytic activity of porous graphene oxide and the origin of this behaviour.

Graphene oxide, a two-dimensional aromatic scaffold decorated by oxygen-containing functional groups, possesses rich chemical properties and may present a green alternative to precious metal catalysts. Graphene oxide-based carbocatalysis has recently been demonstrated for aerobic oxidative reactions. However, its widespread application is hindered by the need for high catalyst loadings. Here we report a simple chemical treatment that can create and enlarge the defects in graphene oxide and impart on it enhanced catalytic activities for the oxidative coupling of amines to imines (up to 98% yield at 5 wt% catalyst loading, under solvent-free, open-air conditions). This study examines the origin of the enhanced catalytic activity, which can be linked to the synergistic effect of carboxylic acid groups and unpaired electrons at the edge defects. The discovery of a simple chemical processing step to synthesize highly active graphene oxide allows the premise of industrial-scale carbocatalysis to be explored.