ABSTRACT
Sendai Framework sets four priority areas and 7 targets to meet in between 2015 and 2030 timeline. Of the seven Sendai Framework global targets, international attention has increasingly concentrated on the one with the most urgent deadline, target E. The target E stands for "substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020". The reported status of the member states is not that satisfactory in the context of meeting the deadline. Moreover, the worldwide COVID-19 outbreak has slowed the progress of updating national DRR policy documents. This study has investigated the existing shortfalls in the foundational DRR policy instruments of Bangladesh and contributes in developing a framework of National DRR Strategy in line with the SFDRR guideline in order to meet the target E. In doing so, this study has critically reviewed the national DRR policies to find out the gaps in line with SFDRR considering the country context and also compared different aspects of national DRR strategy with a few developed and developing countries. In addition, the policy initiatives of Bangladesh Government tackling COVID-19 outbreak have been evaluated. This research is anchored with qualitative research focus. The method of the study is carried out by an extensive literature review and key informants' interview to get the perspective of relevant stakeholders.
ABSTRACT
Previous studies reached different conclusions about whether class I hyaluronan synthases (HASs) elongate hyaluronic acid (HA) by addition to the reducing or the nonreducing end. Here we used two strategies to determine the direction of HA synthesis by purified class I HASs from Streptococcus equisimilis and Streptococcus pyogenes. In the first strategy we used each of the two UDP-sugar substrates separately to pulse label either the beginning or the end of HA chains. We then quantified the relative rates of radioactive HA degradation by treatment with beta-glycosidases that act at the nonreducing end. The results with both purified HASs demonstrated that HA elongation occurred at the reducing end. In the second strategy, we used purified S. equisimilis HAS, UDP-glucuronic acid, and UDP[beta-32P]-Glc-NAc to radiolabel nascent HA chains. Under conditions of limiting substrate, the 32P-labeled products were separated from the substrates by paper chromatography and identified as HA-[32P]UDP saccharides based on their degradation by snake venom phosphodiesterase or hyaluronidase and by their binding to a specific HA-binding protein. The 32P radioactivity was chased (released) by incubation with unlabeled UDP-sugars, showing that the HA-UDP linkages turn over during HA biosynthesis. In contrast, HA-[32P]UDP products made by the purified class II Pasteurella multocida HAS were not released by adding unlabeled UDP-sugars, consistent with growth at the nonreducing end for this enzyme. The results demonstrate that the streptococcal class I HAS enzymes polymerize HA chains at the reducing end.
