The Efficacy of Collaborative Authoring of Video Scene Descriptions.

The majority of online video contents remain inaccessible to people with visual impairments due to the lack of audio descriptions to depict the video scenes. Content creators have traditionally relied on professionals to author audio descriptions, but their service is costly and not readily-available. We investigate the feasibility of creating more cost-effective audio descriptions that are also of high quality by involving novices. Specifically, we designed, developed, and evaluated ViScene, a web-based collaborative audio description authoring tool that enables a sighted novice author and a reviewer either sighted or blind to interact and contribute to scene descriptions (SDs)-text that can be transformed into audio through text-to-speech. Through a mixed-design study with N = 60 participants, we assessed the quality of SDs created by sighted novices with feedback from both sighted and blind reviewers. Our results showed that with ViScene novices could produce content that is Descriptive, Objective, Referable, and Clear at a cost of i.e., US$2.81pvm to US$5.48pvm, which is 54% to 96% lower than the professional service. However, the descriptions lacked in other quality dimensions (e.g., learning, a measure of how well an SD conveys the video's intended message). While professional audio describers remain the gold standard, for content creators who cannot afford it, ViScene offers a cost-effective alternative, ultimately leading to a more accessible medium.

Uncovering Patterns in Reviewers' Feedback to Scene Description Authors.

Audio descriptions (ADs) can increase access to videos for blind people. Researchers have explored different mechanisms for generating ADs, with some of the most recent studies involving paid novices; to improve the quality of their ADs, novices receive feedback from reviewers. However, reviewer feedback is not instantaneous. To explore the potential for real-time feedback through automation, in this paper, we analyze 1, 120 comments that 40 sighted novices received from a sighted or a blind reviewer. We find that feedback patterns tend to fall under four themes: (i) Quality; commenting on different AD quality variables, (ii) Speech Act; the utterance or speech action that the reviewers used, (iii) Required Action; the recommended action that the authors should do to improve the AD, and (iv) Guidance; the additional help that the reviewers gave to help the authors. We discuss which of these patterns could be automated within the review process as design implications for future AD collaborative authoring systems.

ViScene: A Collaborative Authoring Tool for Scene Descriptions in Videos.

Audio descriptions can make the visual content in videos accessible to people with visual impairments. However, the majority of the online videos lack audio descriptions due in part to the shortage of experts who can create high-quality descriptions. We present ViScene, a web-based authoring tool that taps into the larger pool of sighted non-experts to help them generate high-quality descriptions via two feedback mechanisms-succinct visualizations and comments from an expert. Through a mixed-design study with N = 6 participants, we explore the usability of ViScene and the quality of the descriptions created by sighted non-experts with and without feedback comments. Our results indicate that non-experts can produce better descriptions with feedback comments; preliminary insights also highlight the role that people with visual impairments can play in providing this feedback.

Data on the inhibitory effect of traditional plants from Sri Lanka against tyrosinase and collagenase.

This article describes the inhibitory effects of extracts from 25 plants harvested in Sri Lanka against tyrosinase and collagenase. Inhibitors of these enzymes are common ingredients in cosmetics and medications, which help protect the skin against hyperpigmentation and premature aging. The article also discusses the polyphenol content of the extracts, which is well known to possess antioxidant properties. The extract data from the following plants, which have a long history in Sri Lankan traditional medicine, such as Ayurveda, have been provided: English name, "local name in Sri Lanka," (scientific name). Indian copperleaf plant, "kuppameniya," (Acalypha indica); red sandalwood, "madatiya", (Adenanthera pavonina); balipoovu plant, "polpala," (Aerva lanata); snap ginger, "heen araththa," (Alpinia calcarata); bael fruit, "beli," (Aegle marmelos); coastal waterhyssop, "lunuwila," (Bacopa monnieri); porcupine flower, "katu karandu," (Barleria prionitis); balloon-vine plant, "wel penera," (Cardiospermum halicacabum); water caltrop, "Katupila," (Flueggea leucopyrus); Indian sarsparilla, "iramusu," (Hemidesmus indicus); malabar nut plant, "adhatoda," (Justicia adhatoda); wood apple, "divul," (Limonia acidissima); holy basil plant, "maduruthala," (Ocimum tenuiflorum); emblic myrobalan plant, "nelli," (Phyllanthus emblica); long pepper plant,"thippili," (Piper longum); country borage plant, "kapparawalliya," (Plectranthus amboinicus); common sesban, "wel murunga," (Sesbania sesban); turkey berry, "gona batu," (Solanum rudepannum Dunal); purple fruited pea eggplant,"welthibbatu," (Solanum trilobatum); black plum, "madan," (Syzygium cumini); crape jasmine, "wathusudda," (Tabernaemontana divaricate); purple tephrosia, "pila," (Tephrosia purpurea); Chinese chaste tree, "nika," (Vitex negundo); and arctic snow, "suduidda," (Wrightia antidysenterica). The inhibitory effects of these plant extracts on tyrosinase and collagenase, as well as polyphenol contents in the extracts, are detailed in Table 1.

Fibroblast and keratinocyte gene expression following exposure to the extracts of holy basil plant (Ocimum tenuiflorum), malabar nut plant (Justicia adhatoda), and emblic myrobalan plant (Phyllanthus emblica).

This data article provides gene expression profiles, determined by using real-time PCR, of fibroblasts and keratinocytes treated with 0.01% and 0.001% extracts of holy basil plant (Ocimum tenuiflorum), sri lankan local name "maduruthala", 0.1% and 0.01% extracts of malabar nut plant (Justicia adhatoda), sri lankan local name "adayhoda" and 0.003% and 0.001% extracts of emblic myrobalan plant (Phyllanthus emblica), sri lankan local name "nelli", harvested in Sri Lanka. For fibroblasts, the dataset includes expression profiles for genes encoding hyaluronan synthase 1 (HAS1), hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), hyaluronidase-1 (HYAL1), hyaluronidase-2 (HYAL2), versican, aggrecan, CD44, collagen, type I, alpha 1 (COL1A1), collagen, type III, alpha 1 (COL3A1), collagen, type VII, alpha 1 (COL7A1), matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), acid ceramidase, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF7), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), cyclooxygenase-2 (cox2), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). For keratinocytes, the expression profiles are for genes encoding HAS1, HAS2, HYAL1, HYAL2, versican, CD44, IL-1α, cox2, TGF-ß, AQP3, Laminin5, collagen, type XVII, alpha 1 (COL17A1), integrin alpha-6 (ITGA6), ceramide synthase 3 (CERS3), elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 1 (ELOVL1), elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 4 (ELOVL4), filaggrin (FLG), transglutaminase 1 (TGM1), and keratin 1 (KRT1). The expression profiles are provided as bar graphs.

Effect of traditional plants in Sri Lanka on skin keratinocyte count.

This article describes the effects of extracts of several plants collected in Sri Lanka on the number of human skin keratinocytes. This study especially focuses on the plants traditionally used in indigenous systems of medicine in Sri Lanka, such as Ayurveda, as described below (English name, "local name in Sri Lanka," scientific name). Neem plant,"kohomba," Azadirachta indica (Sujarwo et al., 2016; Nature's Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [1,2], emblic myrobalan plant, "nelli," Phyllanthus emblica (Singh et al., 2011; Nature's Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [3,4], malabar nut plant, "adhatoda," Justicia adhatoda (Claeson et al., 2000; Nature's Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [5,6], holy basil plant, "maduruthala," Ocimum tenuiflorum ( Cohen et al., 2014; Nature's Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [7,8]. The expression profiles are provided as line graphs.

Effect of traditional plants in Sri Lanka on skin fibroblast cell number.

This article describes the effects of extracts of several plants collected in Sri Lanka on the cell number of human skin fibroblasts. This study especially focuses on the plants traditionally used in indigenous systems of medicine in Sri Lanka, such as Ayurveda, as described below (English name, "local name in Sri Lanka," scientific name). Bougainvillea plant, "bouganvilla," Bougainvillea grabla (Nature׳s Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [1], purple fruited pea eggplant,"welthibbatu," Solanum trilobatum (Nature׳s Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [2], country borage plant, "kapparawalliya," Plectranthus amboinicus (Nature׳s Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [3], malabar nut plant, "adhatoda," Justicia adhatoda (Nature׳s Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [4], long pepper plant,"thippili," Piper longum (Nature׳s Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [5], holy basil plant, "maduruthala," Ocimum tenuiflorum (Nature׳s Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [6], air plant, "akkapana," Kalanchoe pinnata (Nature׳s Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [7], plumed cockscomb plant, "kiri-henda," Celosia argentea (Nature׳s Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [8], neem plant,"kohomba," Azadirachta indica (Nature׳s Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [9], emblic myrobalan plant, "nelli," Phyllanthus emblica (Nature׳s Beauty Creations Ltd., 2014) [10]. Human skin fibroblast cells were treated with various concentration of plant extracts (0-3.0%), and the cell viability of cells were detected using calcein assay. The cell viabillity profiles are provided as line graphs.

Antioxidant activities of traditional plants in Sri Lanka by DPPH free radical-scavenging assay.

This article describes free radical-scavenging activities of extracts of several plants harvested in Sri Lanka through the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. These plants have traditionally been used in the indigenous systems of medicine in Sri Lanka, such as Ayurveda, as described below. (English name, "local name in Sri Lanka," (scientific name)). bougainvillea plant, "bouganvilla," (Bougainvillea grabla), purple fruited pea eggplant,"welthibbatu," (Solanum trilobatum) [1], country borage plant, "kapparawalliya," (Plectranthus amboinicus) [2], malabar nut plant, "adhatoda," (Justicia adhatoda) [3], long pepper plant,"thippili," (Piper longum) [4], holy basil plant, "maduruthala," (Ocimum tenuiflorum) [5], air plant, "akkapana," (Kalanchoe pinnata) [6], plumed cockscomb plant, "kiri-henda," (Celosia argentea) [7], neem plant,"kohomba," (Azadirachta indica) [8], balipoovu plant, "polpala," (Aerva lanata) [9], balloon-vine plant, "wel penera," (Cardiospermum halicacabum) [10], emblic myrobalan plant, "nelli," (Phyllanthus emblica) [11], indian copperleaf plant, "kuppameniya," (Acalypha indica) [12], spreading hogweed plant, "pita sudu sarana," (Boerhavia diffusa) [13], curry leaf plant, "karapincha," (Murraya koenigii) [14], indian pennywort plant, "gotukola," (Centera asiatica) [15], jewish plum plant, "ambarella,"(Spondias dulcis) [16].

Fibroblast and keratinocyte gene expression following exposure to extracts of neem plant (Azadirachta indica).

This data article provides gene expression profiles, determined by using real-time PCR, of fibroblasts and keratinocytes treated with 0.01% and 0.001% extracts of neem plant (Azadirachta indica), local name "Kohomba" in Sri Lanka, harvested in Sri Lanka. For fibroblasts, the dataset includes expression profiles for genes encoding hyaluronan synthase 1 (HAS1), hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), hyaluronidase-1 (HYAL1), hyaluronidase-2 (HYAL2), versican, aggrecan, CD44, collagen, type I, alpha 1 (COL1A1), collagen, type III, alpha 1 (COL3A1), collagen, type VII, alpha 1 (COL7A1), matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), acid ceramidase, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF7), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), cyclooxygenase-2 (cox2), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). For keratinocytes, the expression profiles are for genes encoding HAS1, HAS2, HYAL1, HYAL2, versican, CD44, IL-1α, cox2, TGF-ß, AQP3, Laminin5, collagen, type XVII, alpha 1 (COL17A1), integrin alpha-6 (ITGA6), ceramide synthase 3 (CERS3), elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 1 (ELOVL1), elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 4 (ELOVL4), filaggrin (FLG), transglutaminase 1 (TGM1), and keratin 1 (KRT1). The expression profiles are provided as bar graphs.