ABSTRACT
In this study, rats were fed a high-fat diet containing calcium alginate (Ca-Alg) for 5 weeks to examine the effects of Ca-Alg on lipid metabolism including triglyceride (TG) levels in the blood. We also investigated the mechanism of the TG-reducing effect of Alg in vitro. Rats were randomized into 5 groups: high-fat diet group (14% (w/w) lard, HF); three Ca-Alg-containing diet groups (2.5, 5 or 10% (w/w) Ca-Alg) and a resistant maltodextrin (RMD) diet group as a positive control (with 5% (w/w) RMD). The 10% Ca-Alg group showed a significant reduction of body weight increase from the 7th day. In addition, the increase of TG in blood was significantly suppressed, and the amount of TG excreted in feces was increased. Increase of body fat mass was in the order HF > RMD > Ca-Alg 2.5% > Ca-Alg 5% > Ca-Alg 10%, while the total weight of the extracted fat tissues was significantly reduced in the RMD, 5% and 10% Ca-Alg groups. Hepatic pathology showed clear circular vacuoles apparently representing TG accumulation in the HF group, while fewer vacuoles were seen in the Ca-Alg groups. The results of in vitro experiments indicated that Ca-Alg does not directly inhibit lipase activity, but may suppress absorption of TG by forming non-absorbable macromolecular micelles containing TG. These results suggest that Ca-Alg promotes excretion and suppresses absorption of TG, leading to reduced blood TG levels, and decreased hepatic and total body accumulation of fat. The findings should be helpful for designing future clinical trials.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Alginates/pharmacology , Diet, High-Fat , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Triglycerides/blood , Alginates/administration & dosage , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Feces/chemistry , Liver/metabolism , Male , RatsABSTRACT
Using murine macrophage-like J774.1 cells and fecal precipitates prepared from the feces of elderly volunteers whose acute inflammation had been inhibited by LKM512 yogurt consumption, we investigated the likelihood that immunostimulation by altered intestinal bacterial cell components contribute to the anti-inflammatory benefits of this yogurt. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha production due to stimulation by fecal precipitates obtained during LKM512 yogurt consumption tended to be higher than due to stimulation by precipitates obtained from preconsumption (P=0.0827), although acute phase response was suppressed by LKM512 yogurt consumption. We suggest that the anti-inflammatory benefits of LKM512 yogurt on elderly volunteers are independent of direct immunostimulation by the bacterial cell components derived from altered intestinal microbiota.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria/immunology , Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology , Macrophages/immunology , Probiotics/pharmacology , Aged , Animals , Cell Line , Feces/microbiology , Female , Humans , Interleukin-10/biosynthesis , Interleukin-1alpha/biosynthesis , Macrophage Activation , Male , Mice , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis , YogurtABSTRACT
A sub-surface archaeal community at the Suiyo Seamount in the Western Pacific Ocean was investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequence and whole-cell in situ hybridization analyses. In this study, we drilled and cased holes at the hydrothermal area of the seamount to minimize contamination of the hydrothermal fluid in the sub-seafloor by penetrating seawater. PCR clone analysis of the hydrothermal fluid samples collected from a cased hole indicated the presence of chemolithoautotrophic primary biomass producers of Archaeoglobales and the Methanococcales-related archaeal HTE1 group, both of which can utilize hydrogen as an electron donor. We discuss the implication of the microbial community on the early history of life and on the search for extraterrestrial life.
Subject(s)
Archaeoglobales/isolation & purification , Ecosystem , Methanococcales/isolation & purification , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Seawater/microbiology , Archaea/genetics , Archaeoglobales/genetics , Biomass , Hot Temperature , Japan , Methanococcales/genetics , Pacific Ocean , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Archaeal , Water MicrobiologyABSTRACT
The taxonomic position of a thermoacidophilic crenarchaeote Sulfolobus sp. strain 7, previously isolated from the Beppu Hot Springs in the geothermal area of Kyushu Island, Japan, was investigated by cloning and sequencing, by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, by DNA-DNA homology with similar species, and by biochemical characterization of the isolate. This isolate is an obligate aerobe and grows optimally at 80 degrees C and pH2.5-3 under aerobic and chemoheterotrophic growth conditions by aerobic respiration rather than simple fermentation. In conjunction with the phenotypic properties, the present phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicate that this isolate is related to the described Sulfolobus taxon and should be considered a novel species of the genus. We propose that this isolate is a novel species of the genus Sulfolobus that we name Sulfolobus tokodaii sp. nov. The type strain is strain 7 (JCM 10545).
