ABSTRACT
Using the newly designed mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) PCR, we demonstrated the high frequency of amantadine-resistant influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated during the 2005-2006 season by detecting the mutation at amino acid position 31 of the M2 protein (S31N). Further, phylogenetic analyses of the HA1 sequences of the S31N viruses revealed that they comprised a clonal lineage that would result in the common characteristic amino acid changes at positions 193 (Ser to Phe) and 225 (Asp to Asn) of the HA protein. We also demonstrated that the S31N/S193F/D225N viruses had already emerged in Aichi Prefecture by the end of the previous 2004-2005 season.
Subject(s)
Amantadine/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics , Influenza, Human/virology , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Base Pair Mismatch , Base Sequence , Drug Resistance, Viral , Humans , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutation , Phylogeny , Viral Matrix Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study investigated the hypothesis of a direct association between the shift of incisal point and the diameter of the oropharynx space, and nocturnal oximetry with and without prosthodontic mandibular advancement (PMA) which is one type of oral appliance used to treat obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and to indicate the effects of PMA. METHODS: A total of 19 patients with OSAS were subjected to finger pulse oximetry recording and lateral cephalometric radiography: with and without PMA. The distance of the oropharynx space (PNS-AS, SPAS, MAS, and IAS) and the shift of incisal point with PMA were measured. The oxygen desaturation index (ODI 4%) and the cumulative percentages of time spent at saturations below 90% (CT(90)) during sleeping were calculated. Spearman's rank correlation test was used to measure the relationship between the increase of the velopharyngeal space and the distance of the mandible. The ODI 4%, CT(90) and distance of the velopharyngeal space were compared for all subjects with and without PMA by Wilcoxon's linking test. RESULTS: There was a strong relationship between the increase of the lower part (IAS) and the distance of anterior shift of incisal point (r=0.61, p=0.01). ODI 4% and CT(90) significantly decreased (p<0.01) and the three liners of the oropharynx(SPAS, MAS, IAS) significantly increased with PMA (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: It was shown that prosthodontic mandibular advancement could reduce the ODI 4% and CT(90) value in patients with OSAS, by enlarging the oropharynx space.
