ABSTRACT
Simulated atmospheric gas-phase reactions of naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene have been carried out in an environmental chamber with bioassay-directed chemical analysis of the reaction products. Nitro-PAH were found to be the most significant mutagens formed from the reactions of naphthalene and fluorene. The mutagram (bar graph of mutagenic activity versus HPLC fraction) of the phenanthrene reaction products closely resembled that of an ambient air particulate extract with the most mutagenic activity being in a fraction more polar than that in which the nitro-PAH elute. Nitrophenanthrene lactones (nitro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-ones) were found to account for the observed activity of this polar fraction of the phenanthrene reaction products. It has been shown that the utilization of an environmental chamber with a known PAH-starting material and the ability to produce sufficient product for isomer-specific identifications of mutagens is a promising complement to bioassay-directed fractionation of ambient air particulate extracts.
Subject(s)
DNA Damage , Phenanthrenes/adverse effects , Air Pollutants/adverse effects , Carcinogens/pharmacology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Fluorenes/adverse effects , Lactones/adverse effects , Mutagenicity Tests , Naphthalenes/adverse effects , Naphthols/adverse effects , Salmonella typhimuriumABSTRACT
The mutagenic activities of novel nitrofluoranthene derivatives in Salmonella strains TA98, TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6 (with and without S9 addition) are given. These derivatives were produced from the reactions of fluoranthene (FL) and its directly mutagenic 2- and 3-nitro derivatives with covalent dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) in CCl4 solution at ambient temperature. The influence of the addition of a nitro group on the observed activity of the resulting di- and tri-nitrofluoranthenes is discussed.
Subject(s)
Fluorenes/pharmacology , Mutagens , Nitro Compounds/pharmacology , Fluorenes/chemical synthesis , Molecular Structure , Mutagenicity Tests/methods , Nitro Compounds/chemical synthesis , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , Structure-Activity RelationshipSubject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , Circadian Rhythm , Mutagens , Vehicle Emissions , California , Mutagenicity TestsSubject(s)
Anthracenes/pharmacology , Benzopyrenes/pharmacology , Mutagens/pharmacology , Phenanthrenes/pharmacology , Pyrenes/pharmacology , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , Vehicle Emissions/analysis , Anthracenes/analysis , Benzopyrenes/analysis , Mutagenicity Tests , Mutagens/analysis , Phenanthrenes/analysis , Pyrenes/analysis , Specimen HandlingABSTRACT
Durham NC air was sampled, extracted, and bioassayed for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Portions of the extracts were treated with sodium borohydride over copper (II) acetylacetonate to reduce any nitroaromatic substances to their corresponding amines. All of the reduced extracts were not directly mutagenic, but the 2 that were derived from cold-weather air samplings did contain substances that could be activated oxidatively. These "indirect-acting" mutagens were present in the same 2 reduced extracts that contained detectable concentrations of aromatic amines. These results suggest that a major portion of the total mutagenic activity in air-pollution particles is contributed by nitro-substituted compounds that are detectable as their corresponding amines. They also suggest that the atmospheric concentrations of these substances may be high in the colder months of Durham's year.
