Differentiating multi-MeV, multi-ion spectra with CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors.

The development of high intensity petawatt lasers has created new possibilities for ion acceleration and nuclear fusion using solid targets. In such laser-matter interaction, multiple ion species are accelerated with broad spectra up to hundreds of MeV. To measure ion yields and for species identification, CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors are frequently used. However, these detectors are limited in their applicability for multi-ion spectra differentiation as standard image recognition algorithms can lead to a misinterpretation of data, there is no unique relation between track diameter and particle energy, and there are overlapping pit diameter relationships for multiple particle species. In this report, we address these issues by first developing an algorithm to overcome user bias during image processing. Second, we use calibration of the detector response for protons, carbon and helium ions (alpha particles) from 0.1 to above 10 MeV and measurements of statistical energy loss fluctuations in a forward-fitting procedure utilizing multiple, differently filtered CR-39, altogether enabling high-sensitivity, multi-species particle spectroscopy. To validate this capability, we show that inferred CR-39 spectra match Thomson parabola ion spectrometer data from the same experiment. Filtered CR-39 spectrometers were used to detect, within a background of ~ 2 × 1011 sr-1 J-1 protons and carbons, (1.3 ± 0.7) × 108 sr-1 J-1 alpha particles from laser-driven proton-boron fusion reactions.

Is there a neuroscience-based, mechanistic rationale for transcranial direct current stimulation as an adjunct treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder?

It is well-known that there is considerable variation in the effectiveness of evidence-based treatments for psychiatric disorders, and a continued need to improve the real-world effectiveness of these treatments. In the last 20+ years the examination of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques for psychiatric treatment has increased dramatically. However, in order to test these techniques for effective therapeutic use, it is critical to understand (a) (what are) the key neural circuits to engage for specific disorders or clusters of symptoms, and (b) (how) can these circuits be reached effectively using neurostimulation? Here we focus on the research toward the application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). tDCS is a portable and inexpensive technique that lends itself well to be combined with, and thus potentially augment, exposure-based treatment for PTSD. In this review, we discuss the behavioral model of threat and safety learning and memory as it relates to PTSD, the underlying neurobiology of PTSD, as well as the current understandings of tDCS action, including its limitations and opportunities. Through this lens, we summarize the research on the application of tDCS to modulated threat and safety learning and memory to date, and propose new directions for its future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

An international study to revise the EORTC questionnaire for assessing quality of life in lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-LC13 was the first module to be used in conjunction with the core questionnaire, the QLQ-C30. Since the publication of the LC13 in 1994, major advances have occurred in the treatment of lung cancer. Given this, an update of the EORTC QLQ-LC13 was undertaken. METHODS: The study followed phases I to III of the EORTC Module Development Guidelines. Phase I generated relevant quality-of-life issues using a mix of sources including the involvement of 108 lung cancer patients. Phase II transformed issues into questionnaire items. In an international multicenter study (phase III), patients completed both the EORTC QLQ-C30 and the 48-item provisional lung cancer module generated in phases I and II. Patients rated each of the items regarding relevance, comprehensibility, and acceptance. Patient ratings were assessed against a set of prespecified statistical criteria. Descriptive statistics and basic psychometric analyses were carried out. RESULTS: The phase III study enrolled 200 patients with histologically confirmed lung cancer from 12 centers in nine countries (Cyprus, Germany, Italy, Israel, Spain, Norway, Poland, Taiwan, and the UK). Mean age was 64 years (39 - 91), 59% of the patients were male, 82% had non-small-cell lung cancer, and 56% were treated with palliative intent. Twenty-nine of the 48 questions met the criteria for inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: The resulting module with 29 questions, thus currently named EORTC QLQ-LC29, retained 12 of the 13 original items, supplemented with 17 items that primarily assess treatment side-effects of traditional and newer therapies.

Expression of pEGFR and pAKT as response-predictive biomarkers for RAS wild-type patients to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in metastatic colorectal cancers.

BACKGROUND: RAS wild-type (RASw/t) tumours have been associated with better outcomes in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (mAb). We investigated the expression of EGFR downstream proteins under their active phosphorylated forms as potential markers in response to these patients. METHODS: One-hundred tumour samples were collected from patients with mCRC refractory to FOLFOX and/or FOLFIRI and treated by a combination of chemotherapy with anti-EGFR mAb. The outcomes were measured on response evaluation criteria in solid tumour (RECIST), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). All samples were assessed for RAS and BRAF mutations, and the key phosphorylated proteins of EGFR downstream signalling were quantitatively analysed using the BioPlex Protein array. RESULTS: Among the 60 RASw/t patients, 45.0% achieved a complete or partial response when treated with anti-EGFR mAb. Expression of pAKT, pERK1/2 and pMEK1 was significantly lower in RASw/t patients (P=0.0246; P=0.004; P=0.0110, respectively). The response rate was significantly higher for RASw/t patients who express pEGFR and pAKT (P=0.0258; P=0.0277, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of pEGFR and pAKT may predict the response rate in RASw/t patients treated with anti-EGFR mAb. On the basis of our results, we hypothesise that the association of anti-EGFR mAb and anti-AKT therapies could be of interest.

[Infection of knee endoprosthesis]. / Die Infektion bei Knieendoprothesen.

In knee arthroplasties, infection was and still is the most decisive factor with respect to the end result. Control of infection without removal of the endoprosthesis can be achieved only when an early revision is performed in the first 6 weeks after the arthroplasty. Half-hearted antibiotic medication alone is an unsuitable remedy. Therefore, an infection must be diagnosed without delay and followed up by decisive management. Clinical and laboratory data must be considered together and must supplement each other. Late infections need temporary or permanent removal of the endoprosthesis as a prerequisite for getting rid of the infection. Reimplantation and arthrodesis should be done in a two-stage procedure after the infection is healed. Reimplantation should be restricted to cases in which the infection is definitely under control and in which there is a good bone stock. Arthrodesis is still the treatment of choice, especially in patients with bony defects in the metaphysis of the femur and tibia. Arthrodesis also needs good soft tissue cover, and to prevent a reinfection in this dangerous area we suggest the use of antibiotic-releasing bone plates for stabilisation. External fixation has a high percentage of pintrack infections and often cannot be applied long enough; thus non-unions are the logical consequence.

Treatment of infected arthrodesis of the ankle.

In arthrodesis of the ankle joint the use of external fixation can cause severe problems owing to pintrack infections. As long as infection is active, bony consolidation of the arthrodesis is delayed. In the potentially infected area a normal internal osteosynthesis is risky. Our treatment rationale comprises a two-stage procedure with treatment of infection first by implant removal, thorough debridement and implantation of Septopal beads and then secondary internal stabilization with an antibiotic-releasing bone plate. Of the 42 cases amputation had to be performed in 3; of the remaining 39, infection was cured long-term in 36. In all 39 a stable bony fusion was achieved.

Management of wound sepsis after spinal fusion surgery.

In wound sepsis after spinal surgery a first attempt to control infection without removal of the implants is justified, as implant removal after correction of scoliosis and kyphosis and in reduction of slipped vertebrae would often cause instability of the segments operated on. If the first revision is not successful, a second should not be delayed too long. Sometimes partial removal of the implants may be sufficient for infection control, thus maintaining a certain stability. We use local antibiotic treatment with Septopal chains, as suction irrigation sometimes is complicated by secondary bacterial contamination. By applying this treatment rationale we were able to control infection in 50 out of 53 patients with wound infection.

[DocuMed--a personal computer program system for basic documentation and ICD statistics based on SNOMED]. / DocuMed--Ein PC-Programm-System zur Basisdokumentation und ICD-Statistik auf der Basis von SNOMED.

Of the different medical classification systems ICD only has endured on the long time, and through the german government regulations from 1985 (Bundespflegesatzordnung) ICD has become a must to all hospital departments for administration purposes. As a clinical and scientific system for encoding of diagnosis and treatment procedures ICD has been proved to be of minor suitability. SNOMED, a medical classification system derived from a pathological description of diseases seemed first to fulfill all the wishes clinicians have; but the very little use over the 12 years since its publication demonstrates its poor acceptance. This might be due to the time consuming and lavish procedure of documentation in SNOMED, as entries have to be made in 7 categories. DocuMed, which is a microcomputer program and database on the one hand and a medical classification system on the other, seems to provide interesting features. For minimal documentation it only needs entries in the category of diagnosis, a term not present in SNOMED; for more detailed documentation requirements DocuMed provides similar categories as SNOMED with references to the latter and to ICD.

[The German Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology study: pathogen spectrum and resistance status]. / DGOT-Studie: Erregerspektrum und Resistenzlage.

In the scope of a DGOT Study various aspects and evaluations of the bacterial spectrum of wound infections are reviewed and the frequency of resistance is presented. The study is based on 3700 wound healing protocols. Our results suggest that the bacterias involved in the field of orthopaedic surgery and traumatology are for the most part known germs. This should be decisive for the type of antibiotic therapy being possibly required. The main organisms are Staphylococci, Enterococci and Pseudomonades; available agents of choice are penicillinase-resistant and -susceptible Penicillins, Ampicillins and Cephalosporins of the first and second generation.

[Curettage of giant cell tumors with temporary implantation of bone cement]. / Die Kürettage von Riesenzelltumoren mit temporärer Implantation von Knochenzement.

Curettage with simultaneous bone transplantation is followed by a recurrence rate of 20-60%. In a follow-up of own cases up to 36 years after treatment recurrence was roughly 50%. In the last 10 years we changed to on other treatment procedure, namely optical controlled curettage with temporary cementation. To prevent further damage to the preexisting destabilization of the periarticular cortical bone, tumor excision is done through a small bone window, using a cold lighted mirror to achieve complete curettage. The cavity is then filled with bone cement, which is left in place for 3 months. When at that time there are no signs for tumor persistence, the cement is removed and bone reconstruction performed. An analysis of 17 cases treated this way showed a clearly smaller recurrence rate of 6%; this difference was statistically significant when applying the Kaplan-Meier test.

[Giant cell tumor of bone. An analysis of 69 cases]. / Der Riesenzell-Tumor des Knochens. Eine Analyse von 69 Fällen.

1. The tumor stage of the giant cell tumor is an indicator for the prognosis and the need for adjuvant therapy. 2. Intralesional excisions without an adjuvant result in high rates of recurrence. 3. Polymethyl methyl acrylate (PMMA) largely prevents recurrences, provides stability and makes early functional treatment possible. 4. Broad excisions should only be performed in bone which is dispensable. 5. Recurrences frequently manifest themselves by pain. They can be removed intralesionally, as in primary therapy.

[Ventral stabilization of primary tumors and metastases of the spine with vertebral body implant and palacos]. / Die ventrale Stabilisierung von primären Tumoren und Metastasen der Wirbelsäule mit dem Wirbelkörperimplantat und Palacos.

The authors report on the clinical course of 31 patients with primary tumors or metastases of the spine which were treated with the vertebral body implant and Palacos, i.e., composite osteosynthesis. The goal of therapy is to relieve the spinal cord and the nerve roots and to restore the supporting function of the spine. Subjective and objective improvement was found in 64% of the patients; the result was unchanged in 23%, and further symptoms developed in 13%. The tumor-specific breakdown revealed that overall survival was somewhat more than two years in plasmocytoma cases and ten months in metastasis cases. In almost all cases in which an improvement in initial symptoms was achieved postoperatively, this improvement was permanent. With the surgical technique applied here spinal stability can be restored and the patients can also be mobilized quickly.

[The importance of nosocomial infections for patients and socio-political representatives]. / Die Bedeutung von nosokomialen Infektionen für Patienten und die Solidargemeinschaft.

The importance of nosocomial infection prevention is up to now not seen in all its consequences by physicians and the social-political representatives. Do activities to analyse and prevent nosocomial infections nowadays not encounter the resistance, we know from the times of Semmelweis, the problems in this respect haven't changed a great deal, i.e. the negative sides of modern medicine are often intentionally overseen. Hospital hygiene may not be misunderstood as clinical bacteriology, it is indeed a true task for the clinician and has to deal with all complications resulting from patient treatment. Side effects from drugs and postoperative thromboembolic complications have also been followed, as they are very often in direct or indirect correlation with bacterial infections or their consequences. From the social economic point of view nosocomial infections represent a very important cost factor, which could be reduced to great deal by activities for prevention of nosocomial infection. This means, that such activities not only could be performed cost-neutral, but could render a further cost reduction in hospital medicine. Besides of the individual disasters, nosocomial infections create, this economic view could be a strong second argument for hospital hygiene in our world mostly reacting only on financial factors.

[Documentation and quality control]. / Dokumentation und Qualitätskontrolle.

Documentation and quality control in hospitals are not only required due to legal obligations, but should be a representation, how physicians see themselves. The fast changes in medical treatment procedures makes adequate techniques of information management indisposable. In the past data analysis in hospitals was characterized by a too strong restriction in variables under study, and a too sharp project orientation with the consequences, that many tasks had to be done repeatedly and an overview on the whole situation wasn't achieved either. So in recording postoperative wound sepsis many separate aspects have to be taken into consideration and microbiological results have to be stored in a way, that differentiation over time is possible. For medical data management a time oriented database structure is therefore advisable and more adequate than a relational one.

[The incidence of disorders of wound healing (results of the German Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology study)]. / Häufigkeit von Wundheilungsstörungen (Ergebnisse der DGOT-Studie).

The methods and design of the DGOT-study on nosocomial infections in orthopaedic hospital are discussed and presented. On postoperative wound healing complications two interim evaluations of the large database were performed, at different time-points of the continuing study. Wound healing complications accounted to a total of 4.5%, deep infections being present in 0.4%. Secondary wound healing was found in 2.85% and superficial infections accumulated to 1.44% of all wounds followed. When a grouping on the basis of anatomic regions was done, significant differences could be detected with the shoulder area having the lowest and the feet having the highest incidence of wound complications. On the other hand, grouping on the basis of surgical procedures didn't show any difference in the wound healing situation.

[Other nosocomial infections]. / Andere nosokomiale Infektionen.

Besides wound infections we postoperatively are also facing the problems of other nosocomial infections, e.g. urinary tract infections, bronchopneumonia and sepsis caused by the use of intravenous devices. A preliminary survey was performed among 4008 patients in a multicentre study. After orthopaedic surgery we found the incidence of urinary tract infections to be 4.8%. Because of non satisfactory documentation the postoperatively acquired respiratory tract infections could not be evaluated properly. Sepsis due to the use of central or peripheral venous cannulas has been observed in 0.2%. Serious problems of nosocomial infections are discussed.

[Intra- and postoperative blood loss]. / Intra- und postoperativer Blutverlust.

The first results of the DGOT-study "wound-heeling" are presented. In a population of nearly 3700 patients data of intra- and postoperative blood-loss, transfusion-volumes and postoperative drainage were examined. There were remarkable high rates of blood-loss, followed by high rates of infusion-, transfusion- and drainage-volumes. The drainage-volumes were in general half as high as the blood-loss. In joint operations there were even higher drainage-volumes. Operations with the highest blood-loss were operations of the back and total hip arthroplasties. The problems resulting for the patients as well as recommendations for reducing transfusion rates are discussed.