ABSTRACT
Within the endemic invertebrate faunas of hydrothermal vents, five biogeographic provinces are recognized. Invertebrates at two Indian Ocean vent fields (Kairei and Edmond) belong to a sixth province, despite ecological settings and invertebrate-bacterial symbioses similar to those of both western Pacific and Atlantic vents. Most organisms found at these Indian Ocean vent fields have evolutionary affinities with western Pacific vent faunas, but a shrimp that ecologically dominates Indian Ocean vents closely resembles its Mid-Atlantic counterpart. These findings contribute to a global assessment of the biogeography of chemosynthetic faunas and indicate that the Indian Ocean vent community follows asymmetric assembly rules biased toward Pacific evolutionary alliances.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Physiological Phenomena , Ecosystem , Geologic Sediments , Invertebrates/physiology , Animals , Bacteria/classification , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Biological Evolution , Biomass , Decapoda/classification , Decapoda/physiology , Euryarchaeota/classification , Euryarchaeota/isolation & purification , Euryarchaeota/physiology , Geography , Geologic Sediments/microbiology , Hot Temperature , Invertebrates/classification , Invertebrates/microbiology , Molecular Sequence Data , Mollusca/classification , Mollusca/physiology , Oceans and Seas , Seawater , SymbiosisABSTRACT
Genes were synthesized to express two DNA binding domains of AraC connected by short linkers. The abilities of the resulting proteins to bind to DNA containing AraC half-sites separated by the usual four bases as well as an additional two or three helical turns of the DNA were measured. The inability of some of the protein constructs to bind to widely separated half-sites indicates that the C-terminal 14 amino acids of AraC are firmly bound to the rest of the DNA binding domain.
Subject(s)
Escherichia coli Proteins , Repressor Proteins/chemistry , Transcription Factors , Amino Acid Sequence , AraC Transcription Factor , Bacterial Proteins , DNA/metabolism , DNA-Binding Proteins , Molecular Sequence Data , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Repressor Proteins/metabolism , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid , Templates, GeneticABSTRACT
Previous studies on bats from this laboratory have revealed the presence of exceptionally high circulating levels of glucocorticoids in two species of the sub-order Megachiroptera. In the present study, the following questions were asked: (1) what effect does the routine handling and examination of captive bats have on the activity of their hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis?; (2) are the unusually high plasma levels of cortisol and corticosterone found in Pteropus hypomelanus associated with high levels of circulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?; (3) are there diurnal changes in stress responsivity in this species?; and (4) how do levels of glucocorticoids in P. hypomelanus compare with those found in other species of Chiroptera (both micro and megachiropteran species)? Of five species examined, P. hypomelanus had slightly higher total glucocorticoid levels than P. pumulis, but approximately 8-fold higher levels than in three species of Microchiroptera (Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia perspicillata, and Myotis lucifigus). There was a pronounced diurnal rhythm in glucocorticoid levels in one species (M. lucifigus) for which this was determined. A 1-h period of restraint stress increased glucose and glucocorticoid levels in P. pumulis, and also increased ACTH and glucocorticoids in P. hypomelanus. Fifteen minutes of routine handling (weighting, measuring, etc.) elicited a significant rise in plasma glucocorticoids in P. hypomelanus to combined peak (cortisol plus corticosterone) levels of over 1,000 ng/ml (100 micrograms%). There was no significant difference in the response to handling in bats tested in the morning or evening. Basal ACTH levels as detected by radioimmunoassay were low in P. hypomelanus, in spite of high steroid levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
