ABSTRACT
Purpose/Aim: Substance P-NK-1R signaling has been implicated in fibrotic tendinopathies and myositis. Blocking this signaling with a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist (NK1RA) has been proposed as a therapeutic target for their treatment.Materials and Methods: Using a rodent model of overuse injury, we pharmacologically blocked Substance P using a specific NK1RA with the hopes of reducing forelimb tendon, muscle and dermal fibrogenic changes and associated pain-related behaviors. Young adult rats learned to pull at high force levels across a 5-week period, before performing a high repetition high force (HRHF) task for 3 weeks (2 h/day, 3 days/week). HRHF rats were untreated or treated in task weeks 2 and 3 with the NK1RA, i.p. Control rats received vehicle or NK1RA treatments.Results: Grip strength declined in untreated HRHF rats, and mechanical sensitivity and temperature aversion increased compared to controls; these changes were improved by NK1RA treatment (L-732,138). NK1RA treatment also reduced HRHF-induced thickening in flexor digitorum epitendons, and HRHF-induced increases of TGFbeta1, CCN2/CTGF, and collagen type 1 in flexor digitorum muscles. In the forepaw upper dermis, task-induced increases in collagen deposition were reduced by NK1RA treatment.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that Substance P plays a role in the development of fibrogenic responses and subsequent discomfort in forelimb tissues involved in performing a high demand repetitive forceful task.
Subject(s)
Cumulative Trauma Disorders/pathology , Dermis/pathology , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Signal Transduction , Substance P/metabolism , Tendons/pathology , Animals , Caloric Restriction , Collagen Type I/metabolism , Connective Tissue Growth Factor/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , Fibrosis , Muscle Proteins/metabolism , Phosphorylation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism , Task Performance and Analysis , Tendinopathy/pathology , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Systemic inflammation is known to induce sickness behaviors, including decreased social interaction and pain. We have reported increased serum inflammatory cytokines in a rat model of repetitive strain injury (rats perform an upper extremity reaching task for prolonged periods). Here, we sought to determine if sickness behaviors are induced in this model and the effectiveness of conservative treatments. METHODS: Experimental rats underwent initial training to learn a high force reaching task (10 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks), with or without ibuprofen treatment (TRHF vs. TRHF + IBU rats). Subsets of trained animals went on to perform a high repetition high force (HRHF) task for 6 or 12 weeks (2 h/day, 3 days/week) without treatment, or received two secondary interventions: ibuprofen (HRHF + IBU) or a move to a lower demand low repetition low force task (HRHF-to-LRLF), beginning in task week 5. Mixed-effects models with repeated measures assays were used to assay duration of social interaction, aggression, forepaw withdrawal thresholds and reach performance abilities. One-way and two-way ANOVAs were used to assay tissue responses. Corrections for multiple comparisons were made. RESULTS: TRHF + IBU rats did not develop behavioral declines or systemic increases in IL-1beta and IL-6, observed in untreated TRHF rats. Untreated HRHF rats showed social interaction declines, difficulties performing the operant task and forepaw mechanical allodynia. Untreated HRHF rats also had increased serum levels of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, neuroinflammatory responses (e.g., increased TNFalpha) in the brain, median nerve and spinal cord, and Substance P and neurokinin 1 immunoexpression in the spinal cord. HRHF + IBU and HRHF-to-LRLF rats showed improved social interaction and reduced inflammatory serum, nerve and brain changes. However, neither secondary treatment rescued HRHF-task induced forepaw allodynia, or completely attenuated task performance declines or spinal cord responses. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that inflammatory mechanisms induced by prolonged performance of high physical demand tasks mediate the development of social interaction declines and aggression. However, persistent spinal cord sensitization was associated with persistent behavioral indices of discomfort, despite use of conservative secondary interventions indicating the need for prevention or more effective interventions.
