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2.
Vet Pathol ; 45(5): 710-22, 2008 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18725479

ABSTRACT

An epidemic of early fetal loss (EFL), late fetal loss (LFL), fibrinous pericarditis, and unilateral uveitis which occurred during the spring of 2001, are together now known as the mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS). A similar epidemic with less intensity was reported during the same period of time from southern Ohio, West Virginia, and Tennessee. The same syndrome with lesser intensity recurred in 2002. The estimated economic loss from the syndrome in 2001 and 2002 together was approximately $500 million. Both EFL and LFL were characterized by the absence of specific clinical signs in aborting mares. Nonhemolytic Streptococcus spp. and Actinobacillus spp. accounted for 65% of the organisms isolated from fetuses submitted for a postmortem during the MRLS period in 2001 and 2002. The pathologic findings in fetoplacental units of LFL included bronchopneumonia and funisitis, and there were no findings in EFL. Epidemiologic studies conducted in 2001 suggested an association between the presences of eastern tent caterpillars (ETC) in pastures with MRLS. Experimental studies in pregnant mares by exposure to ETC, or administration by stomach tube or with feed material, reproduced EFL and LFL. Similar experimental studies in mouse, rats, and goats with ETC were unsuccessful. Currently, 2 hypotheses are proposed for MRLS. One hypothesis proposes that an ETC-related toxin with secondary opportunistic bacterial invasion of the fetus leads to MRLS. The second hypothesis suggests that a breach of gastrointestinal mucosal integrity by hairs of ETC leads to a bacteremia and results in MRLS. In 2004, a similar equine abortion storm was reported from Australia and caterpillar exposure was identified as a risk factor for the abortion. In 2006, the syndrome was observed in Florida and New Jersey.


Subject(s)
Abortion, Veterinary/etiology , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Horse Diseases/etiology , Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology , Animals , Female , Horse Diseases/epidemiology , Horses , Pericarditis/epidemiology , Pericarditis/veterinary , Pregnancy , Syndrome , Uveitis/epidemiology , Uveitis/veterinary
3.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 55(2): 134-9, 2008.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18397501

ABSTRACT

Pathological, entomological and avian investigations were conducted during the summer of 2002, in a horse farm that had four cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in horses. All the four horses had encephalitis and WNV infection was confirmed by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization procedure. Forty-seven per cent of house sparrows that resided on the farm were tested positive for WNV infection. Mosquitoes (98%Culex pipiens) collected by trapping at the farm, during this period were positive for WNV. The meteorological data for year 2002 were compared to previous 16 years. The precipitation and atmospheric temperature were found to be reduced and higher respectively, indicating a drier summer than the prior 16 years, which may have been a contributing factor for the outbreak. None of the horses on these premises had been vaccinated for WNV disease.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Horse Diseases/epidemiology , Horse Diseases/transmission , West Nile Fever/veterinary , West Nile virus/isolation & purification , Animals , Birds/virology , Culex/virology , Horse Diseases/virology , Horses , Kentucky/epidemiology , Meteorological Concepts , RNA, Viral/analysis , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , West Nile Fever/epidemiology , West Nile Fever/transmission , West Nile virus/genetics
4.
Equine Vet J ; 40(2): 105-10, 2008 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18089469

ABSTRACT

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: An emerging problem of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection in horses in the USA is a high-mortality myeloencephalopathy that commonly occurs where large numbers of horses are stabled. EHV-1 isolates recovered from recent neurological outbreaks represent a mutant virus strain that possesses enhanced neuropathogenicity. A central question of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy is the latency carriage rate for these mutants of EHV-1 in USA horse populations. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 as latent infections in the Thoroughbred broodmare population of central Kentucky. METHODS: Submandibular lymph nodes (SMLN) were collected during post mortem examination of 132 Thoroughbred broodmares. Total DNA purified from SMLN tissue was tested for the presence of latent EHV-1 DNA by an ultrasensitive magnetic bead-based, sequence-capture, nested PCR method. Differentiation of active from latent infections by EHV-1 was achieved by detection of transcripts of EHV-1 glycoprotein B by reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS: Latent EHV-1 DNA was detected in the SMLN tissues of 71 (54%) of the 132 mares submitted for necropsy. Thirteen (18%) of the 71 latently infected horses harboured the neuropathogenic biovar of EHV-1. Of the 13 horses latently infected with an ORF30 mutant strain of EHV-1, 11 also carried a latent, wild-type strain of the virus in their SMLN tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 have established a significant presence in the Thoroughbred broodmare population of central Kentucky as latently infected carrier horses. The data also indicate that a highly sensitive DNA detection method is required to identify many instances of EHV-1 latency. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The presence of a relatively large biological reservoir of latent, neuropathogenic EHV-1 has the potential for posing emerging equine health and economic threats to the future prosperity of the USA horse industry.


Subject(s)
Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary , Herpesvirus 1, Equid/physiology , Horse Diseases/epidemiology , Lymph Nodes/virology , Animals , DNA, Viral/chemistry , DNA, Viral/genetics , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Disease Reservoirs/virology , Female , Herpesviridae Infections/epidemiology , Herpesviridae Infections/virology , Herpesvirus 1, Equid/genetics , Herpesvirus 1, Equid/isolation & purification , Herpesvirus 1, Equid/pathogenicity , Horse Diseases/virology , Horses , Kentucky/epidemiology , Mutation , Prevalence , RNA, Viral/chemistry , RNA, Viral/genetics , Virus Latency
5.
J Neuroendocrinol ; 19(11): 891-900, 2007 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17927667

ABSTRACT

The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is characterised both by an ultradian pulsatile pattern of glucocorticoid secretion and an endogenous diurnal rhythm. Glucocorticoid feedback plays a major role in regulating HPA axis activity and this mechanism occurs via two different receptors: mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). In the present study, the effects of both acute and subchronic treatment with the GR antagonist Org 34850 on basal and stress-induced HPA axis activity in male rats were evaluated. To investigate the effect of Org 34850 on basal diurnal corticosterone rhythm over the 24-h cycle, an automated blood sampling system collected samples every 10 min. Acute injection of Org 34850 (10 mg/kg, s.c.) did not affect basal or stress-induced corticosterone secretion, but was able to antagonise the inhibitory effect of the glucocorticoid agonist methylprednisolone on stress-induced corticosterone secretion. However, 5 days of treatment with Org 34850 (10 mg/kg, s.c., two times a day), compared to rats treated with vehicle (5% mulgofen in 0.9% saline, 1 ml/kg, s.c.), increased corticosterone secretion over the 24-h cycle and resulted in changes in the pulsatile pattern of hormone release, but had no significant effect on adrenocorticotrophic hormone secretion or on stress-induced corticosterone secretion. Subchronic treatment with Org 34850 did not alter GR mRNA expression in the hippocampus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus or anterior-pituitary, or MR mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Our data suggest that a prolonged blockade of GRs is required to increase basal HPA axis activity. The changes observed here with ORG 34850 are consistent with inhibition of GR-mediated negative feedback of the HPA axis. In light of the evidence showing an involvement of dysfunctional HPA axis in the pathophysiology of depression, Org 34850 could be a potential treatment for mood disorders.


Subject(s)
Corticosterone/metabolism , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors , Steroids/metabolism , Stress, Psychological , Sulfones/metabolism , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism , Animals , Circadian Rhythm/drug effects , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology , In Situ Hybridization , Male , Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Steroids/pharmacology , Sulfones/pharmacology
6.
Vet Pathol ; 38(2): 230-2, 2001 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11280382

ABSTRACT

Actinobacillus equuli is a rare cause of peritonitis in adult horses. Septicemia and peritonitis due to A. equuli were diagnosed at necropsy in an 8-year-old Saddlebred mare. The origin of the infection was not known; however, small necrotic colonic mucosal lesions presumed to have been caused by phenylbutazone treatment may have allowed bacterial invasion. A good response to antimicrobial treatment has been documented in the small numbers of previously reported acute cases of peritonitis. Because it is potentially treatable, it is important for pathologists and clinicians to identify horses with A. equuli peritonitis.


Subject(s)
Actinobacillus Infections/veterinary , Actinobacillus/isolation & purification , Bacteremia/veterinary , Horse Diseases/microbiology , Peritonitis/veterinary , Actinobacillus Infections/pathology , Animals , Bacteremia/microbiology , Bacteremia/pathology , Fatal Outcome , Female , Histocytochemistry/veterinary , Horse Diseases/pathology , Horses , Intestines/pathology , Lung/pathology , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Peritonitis/microbiology , Peritonitis/pathology
7.
N Z Vet J ; 49(4): 159-61, 2001 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16032184

ABSTRACT

CASE HISTORY: A neonatal Thoroughbred foal was presented with rib fractures and left forelimb lameness secondary to dystocia. CLINICAL FINDINGS: The foal developed a head tilt, seizures and watery diarrhoea during hospitalisation and died at 7 days of age. Histological examination of the brain and spinal cord revealed a suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis with vasculitis, and numerous intralesional, gram-negative bacilli. Similar microscopic lesions were noted in the lungs, renal medullary interstitium, and umbilicus. Bacilli in the brain, spinal cord and umbilicus were identified immunohistochemically as Salmonella group B. Salmonella agona was isolated in pure culture from the brain, lung, liver, kidney, and intestine. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of meningoencephalomyelitis and septicaemia due to Salmonella infection in an equine neonate.

8.
Vet Pathol ; 37(6): 692-5, 2000 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11105966

ABSTRACT

A 14-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with a history of acute onset of hematuria was presented for necropsy. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with intra-abdominal dissemination was diagnosed. Tumor masses were observed on the splenic capsule and surrounding the distal abdominal aorta. Tumor cells showed diffuse cytoplasmic reactivity for cytokeratin but were negative for epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, tumor-associated glycoprotein 72, and vimentin.


Subject(s)
Abdominal Neoplasms/veterinary , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/veterinary , Horse Diseases/pathology , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/veterinary , Abdominal Neoplasms/secondary , Animals , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/secondary , Fatal Outcome , Horses , Male , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
9.
Adolescence ; 32(125): 1-24, 1997.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9105487

ABSTRACT

This article uses panel data and multiple regression of follow-up on baseline variables to test hypotheses that over time: (1) control theory variables are related to decreases in drug use and to each other, (2) labeling theory variables regarding drug use are related to increases in drug use, increases in each other, and negatively to control theory variables, (3) participation in a nonsystem juvenile justice diversion program is related to an increase in drug use, more deviant self-labels, and weaker societal bonds, and (4) the effects of the diversion program differ across gender of respondent. Baseline and follow-up data were collected on a randomly selected comparison group of adolescents (N = 100, 46 females) and a diversion program sample of adolescents (N = 88, 46 females). Slope differences across samples were tested using interaction terms. Where significant interaction terms were found, additional separate sample regression equations were performed. All four hypotheses received some support.


Subject(s)
Psychological Theory , Social Control, Informal , Social Identification , Stereotyping , Substance-Related Disorders/rehabilitation , Adolescent , Analysis of Variance , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Juvenile Delinquency/legislation & jurisprudence , Juvenile Delinquency/prevention & control , Male , Program Evaluation , Regression Analysis , Sex Factors , Social Work
12.
J Am Vet Med Assoc ; 205(7): 1014-6, 1994 Oct 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7852154

ABSTRACT

In 1 of 2 outbreaks of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV) infection in swine, 280 of 350 pigs died. Histopathologic findings in the brain were typical of EEEV infection. In addition, multifocal necrosis and inflammation were seen in the myocardium. Follow-up investigation in 1 of the herds revealed antibody response to EEEV in surviving pigs and in adult swine. Growth retardation was noticed in surviving pigs. Histologic examination revealed mild lesions in the brain of the survivors.


Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine , Encephalomyelitis, Equine/veterinary , Swine Diseases/pathology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine/immunology , Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology , Encephalomyelitis, Equine/pathology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Georgia/epidemiology , Male , Myocardium/pathology , Swine , Swine Diseases/epidemiology
14.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 5(3): 386-91, 1993 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8373852

ABSTRACT

Acanthamoeba were isolated from a naturally occurring animal infection of granulomatous amebic encephalitis. The amebas were grown from lung lesions from a 1-year-old greyhound puppy, which was 1 of several dogs in a kennel that was affected by a progressive fatal neurologic and respiratory disease. The Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, confirmed the disease to be acanthamebiasis and specifically identified the amebas as Acanthamoeba culbertsoni by fluorescent antibody testing on brain tissue from the dog. The amebas were cultured initially on potato dextrose agar and on nonnutrient agar plates that were seeded with a lawn of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. The isolate was then transferred to nonnutrient agar plates containing killed Enterobacter aerogenes and subsequently to axenic medium and cell cultures. The isolate was highly pathogenic by intranasal inoculation into 2-week-old mice.


Subject(s)
Acanthamoeba/isolation & purification , Amebiasis/veterinary , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Encephalitis/veterinary , Pneumonia/veterinary , Acanthamoeba/pathogenicity , Amebiasis/pathology , Animals , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Encephalitis/parasitology , Encephalitis/pathology , Mice , Pneumonia/parasitology , Pneumonia/pathology , Vero Cells
15.
Am J Vet Res ; 53(9): 1493-9, 1992 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1416346

ABSTRACT

Porcine small intestinal explants maintained in vitro were inoculated with Salmonella choleraesuis to study the characteristics of its invasion of enterocytes. The explants were fixed at selected intervals for up to 12 hours after inoculation and examined by conventional light microscopy, immunoperoxidase staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Although there was diffuse loss of villous enterocytes during the first hour of incubation, the villi were reepithelialized by the end of 2 hours of culture, and the mucosal epithelium remained intact and appeared to be viable through 12 hours of culture. Intraepithelial S choleraesuis were not detected before 6 hours after inoculation, but after 12 hours of incubation, bacteria were numerous within enterocytes. Ultrastructurally, penetration of the brush border by S choleraesuis resulted in focal loss of microvilli. Bacteria were endocytosed into membrane-bound vacuoles where most remained, but a few were free within the cytoplasm of enterocytes. Invasion of the explants closely resembled that described for live animal and cell culture models of Salmonella spp invasion.


Subject(s)
Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology , Intestine, Small/microbiology , Salmonella/pathogenicity , Animals , Bacterial Adhesion , Culture Techniques , Intestinal Mucosa/cytology , Intestinal Mucosa/ultrastructure , Intestine, Small/cytology , Intestine, Small/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron , Microvilli/microbiology , Microvilli/ultrastructure , Salmonella/ultrastructure , Virulence
16.
Mycopathologia ; 117(1-2): 79-82, 1992 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1513376

ABSTRACT

Pulmonary edema and hydrothorax were observed in mature swine that died approximately 5 days after consuming corn screenings. These postmortem observations were reproduced in younger pigs that died within 1 week when fed the corn screenings under experimental conditions. Additionally, pulmonary edema and hydrothorax were induced in a pig that died after receiving 4 daily intravenous injections of fumonisin B1, a toxic metabolite produced by Fusarium moniliforme.


Subject(s)
Animal Feed/poisoning , Fumonisins , Hydrothorax/veterinary , Mycotoxins/poisoning , Pulmonary Edema/veterinary , Swine Diseases/chemically induced , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Food Microbiology , Fusarium/isolation & purification , Hydrothorax/chemically induced , Hydrothorax/pathology , Injections, Intravenous/veterinary , Liver/pathology , Lung/pathology , Mycotoxins/administration & dosage , Mycotoxins/analysis , Mycotoxins/toxicity , Pulmonary Edema/chemically induced , Pulmonary Edema/pathology , Swine , Swine Diseases/pathology , Zea mays
17.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 4(1): 19-22, 1992 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1313305

ABSTRACT

Thirteen cases of a previously undescribed parvoviral infection affecting puppies ranging in age from 5 to 21 days is described. The cases were originally thought to represent an unusual pathologic manifestation of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) infection. However, failure to confirm CPV-2 infection in any of the cases suggested a different parvovirus was involved. Minute virus of canines (MVC) was subsequently isolated from a case by using the Walter Reed Canine Cell Line, the only cell line which will support the growth of MVC. The pathologic and virologic findings for these 13 cases are described in this report.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/microbiology , Parvoviridae Infections/veterinary , Parvoviridae/isolation & purification , Animals , Animals, Suckling , Cell Line , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Duodenum/pathology , Female , Gastrointestinal Contents/microbiology , Jejunum/microbiology , Jejunum/pathology , Jejunum/ultrastructure , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Microvilli/microbiology , Microvilli/ultrastructure , Parvoviridae/ultrastructure , Parvoviridae Infections/microbiology , Parvoviridae Infections/pathology , Virion/isolation & purification , Virion/ultrastructure
18.
Am J Vet Res ; 52(7): 1142-6, 1991 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1892270

ABSTRACT

Small intestinal explants from weaned pigs were cultured under a variety of conditions. Explants maintained villus-to-crypt ratio between 1:1 and 1.5:1 for 48 hours. The mucosal epithelium remained well preserved and retained good cellular morphologic features, as determined by light and electron microscopy. Between 48 and 72 hours, considerable mucosal degeneration was evident. Best results were obtained when the explants were cultured on a rocking platform placed in an atmosphere of 95% O2 and 5% CO2, using supplemented RPMI 1640 cell culture medium.


Subject(s)
Intestine, Small/cytology , Swine/anatomy & histology , Weaning , Animals , Cell Count , Cell Survival , Culture Media , Culture Techniques , Epithelial Cells , Epithelium/ultrastructure , Intestinal Mucosa/cytology , Intestinal Mucosa/ultrastructure , Intestine, Small/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron , Microvilli/ultrastructure
20.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 2(3): 217-21, 1990 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2094448

ABSTRACT

Pulmonary edema and hydrothorax were observed in mature swine that died approximately 5 days after consuming corn screenings. These postmortem observations were reproduced in younger swine (16-24 kg) that died within 1 week when fed the corn screenings under experimental conditions. Additionally, pulmonary edema and hydrothorax occurred in a pig (7.1 kg) that died after receiving 4 daily intravenous injections of fumonisin B1. A fungus was isolated from the corn screenings that is identical to Fusarium moniliforme MRC-826 in colony morphology and under microscopic examination.


Subject(s)
Animal Feed/poisoning , Fumonisins , Hydrothorax/veterinary , Mycotoxins/poisoning , Pulmonary Edema/veterinary , Swine Diseases/chemically induced , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Food Microbiology , Fusarium/isolation & purification , Hydrothorax/chemically induced , Hydrothorax/pathology , Liver/pathology , Lung/pathology , Mycotoxins/analysis , Pancreas/pathology , Pulmonary Edema/chemically induced , Pulmonary Edema/pathology , Swine , Swine Diseases/pathology , Zea mays
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