ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the various models of locality commissioning in relation to the participation of general practitioners (GPs), and explores the perceived successes of locality commissioning in the 15 health boards in Scotland and 13 health authorities in the Northern and Yorkshire Region of England. A postal questionnaire was sent to 190 individuals involved in commissioning, and semi-structured interviews with GPs (n = 31) and health authority managers (n = 41) were undertaken in each of the 28 health authorities. Seventy-five per cent of the health authorities had introduced some form of locality commissioning. Five types of locality commissioning organization were identified on the basis of the level of GP influence over decisions. All GP responders identified benefits resulting from their involvement in the process but only 27% of health authority responders did so. Most benefits related to improved professional relationships, not to service changes. On the whole, locality commissioning does not appear to have resulted in major changes to contracts or services.
Subject(s)
Health Services Administration , Physicians, Family , Primary Health Care/organization & administration , England , Health Services Research , Humans , Interprofessional Relations , Scotland , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Maternal and paternal parenting styles and marital interactions linked to childhood aggressive behavior as described in Western psychological literature were measured in an ethnic Russian sample of 207 families of nursery-school-age children. Results corroborated and extended findings from Western samples. Maternal and paternal coercion, lack of responsiveness, and psychological control (for mothers only) were significantly correlated with children's overt aggression with peers. Less responsiveness (for mothers and fathers) and maternal coercion positively correlated with relational aggression. Some of these associations differed for boys versus girls. Marital conflict was also linked to more overt and relational aggression for boys. When entered into the same statistical model, more marital conflict (for boys only), more maternal coercion, and less paternal responsiveness were found to be the most important contributors to overt and relational aggression in younger Russian children.
Subject(s)
Aggression/psychology , Child Rearing , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Conflict, Psychological , Father-Child Relations , Female , Humans , Male , Marriage , Mother-Child Relations , RussiaABSTRACT
Parents (109 mothers, 109 fathers) of 109 middle-class preschool-age children were interviewed separately in individual taperecorded home interviews to assess whether either parent was prone to use assertion of power or inductive reasoning as disciplinary strategies. Fathers reported using more power-assertive disciplining strategies with their preschool-age children than mothers.
Subject(s)
Fathers/psychology , Mothers/psychology , Parent-Child Relations , Punishment , Adult , Child Rearing , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Power, PsychologicalABSTRACT
To explore relations among parents' self-reported disciplinary styles, preschoolers' playground behavioral orientations, and peer status, 106 mothers and fathers of preschool-age children (age range = 40-71 months) participated in home disciplinary style interviews. Observations of their children's playground behavior in preschool settings and measures of sociometric status were also obtained. Results indicated that children of more inductive mothers and fathers (i.e., less power assertive) exhibited fewer disruptive playground behaviors. In addition, daughters and older preschoolers of inductive mothers exhibited more prosocial behavior. Children of inductive mothers were also more preferred by peers. Few significant relations were found between paternal discipline and child behavior/peer status. Age-related patterns of behavior also indicated that older preschoolers who engaged in more prosocial and less antisocial and disruptive playground behavior were more preferred by peers. In addition, child behaviors were found to mediate maternal discipline and peer status.
Subject(s)
Father-Child Relations , Mother-Child Relations , Peer Group , Personality Development , Play and Playthings , Social Environment , Socialization , Child, Preschool , Female , Gender Identity , Humans , Male , Social Adjustment , Sociometric TechniquesABSTRACT
To explore relations between maternal disciplinary styles, children's expectations of the outcomes of social strategies, and children's peer status, 144 mothers and their first- (N = 59) and fourth- (N = 85) grade children (ages = 70-86 months and 116-129 months, respectively) participated in home interviews prior to the beginning of the school year. Measures of children's sociometric status were obtained in classrooms after the school year began. Results indicated that children of mothers who were more power assertive in their disciplinary styles tended to be less accepted by peers and tended to expect successful outcomes for unfriendly-assertive methods for resolving peer conflict (e.g., threatening to hit another child). In addition, children who expected unfriendly-assertive strategies to lead to self-oriented gains were less accepted by peers. Moreover, maternal disciplinary styles and outcome expectations for unfriendly-assertive strategies were found to make separate and independent contribution to peer status.
