Combining supervised and unsupervised named entity recognition to detect psychosocial risk factors in occupational health checks.

INTRODUCTION: In occupational health checks the information about psychosocial risk factors, which influence work ability, is documented in free text. Early detection of psychosocial risk factors helps occupational health care to choose the right and targeted interventions to maintain work capacity. In this study the aim was to evaluate if we can automate the recognition of these psychosocial risk factors in occupational health check electronic records with natural language processing (NLP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared supervised and unsupervised named entity recognition (NER) to detect psychosocial risk factors from health checks' documentation. Occupational health nurses have done these records. RESULTS: Both methods found over 60% of psychosocial risk factors from the records. However, the combination of BERT-NER (supervised NER) and QExp (query expansion/paraphrasing) seems to be more suitable. In both methods the most (correct) risk factors were found in the work environment and equipment category. CONCLUSION: This study showed that it was possible to detect risk factors automatically from free-text documentation of health checks. It is possible to develop a text mining tool to automate the detection of psychosocial risk factors at an early stage.

Towards automated detection of psychosocial risk factors with text mining.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial risk factors influence early retirement and absence from work. Health checks by occupational health nurses (OHNs) may prevent deterioration of work ability. Health checks are documented electronically mostly as free text, and therefore the effect of psychological risk factors on working capacity is difficult to detect. AIMS: To evaluate the potential of text mining for automated early detection of psychosocial risk factors by examining health check free-text documentation, which may indicate medical statements recommending early retirement, prolonged sick leave or rehabilitation. Psychosocial risk factors were extracted from OHN documentation in a nationwide occupational health care registry. METHODS: Analysis of health check documentation and medical statements regarding pension, sick leave and rehabilitation. Annotations of 13 psychosocial factors based on the Prima-EF standard (PAS 1010) were used with a combination of unsupervised machine learning, a document search engine and manual filtering. RESULTS: Health check documentation was analysed for 7078 employees. In 83% of their health checks, psychosocial risk factors were mentioned. All of these occurred more frequently in the group that received medical statements for pension, rehabilitation or sick leave than the group that did not receive medical statement. Documentation of career development and work control indicated future loss of work ability. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that it was possible to detect risk factors for sick leave, rehabilitation and pension from free-text documentation of health checks. It is suggested to develop a text mining tool to automate the detection of psychosocial risk factors at an early stage.

Health check documentation of psychosocial factors using the WAI.

BACKGROUND: Health checks in occupational health (OH) care should prevent deterioration of work ability and promote well-being at work. Documentation of health checks should reflect and support continuity of prevention and practice. AIMS: To analyse how OH nurses (OHNs) undertaking health checks document psychosocial factors at work and use the Work Ability Index (WAI). METHODS: Analysis of two consecutive OHN health check records and WAI scores with statistical analyses and annotations of 13 psychosocial factors based on a publicly available standard on psychosocial risk management: British Standards Institution specification PAS 1010, part of European Council Directive 89/391/EEC, with a special focus on work-related stress and workplace violence. RESULTS: We analysed health check records for 196 employees. The most frequently documented psychosocial risk factors were home-work interface, work environment and equipment, job content, workload and work pace and work schedule. The correlations between the number of documented risk and non-risk factors and WAI scores were significant: OHNs documented more risk factors in employees with lower WAI scores. However, documented psychosocial risk factors were not followed up, and the OHNs' most common response to detected psychosocial risks was an appointment with a physician. CONCLUSIONS: The number of psychosocial risk factors documented by OHNs correlated with subjects' WAI scores. However, the documentation was not systematic and the interventions were not always relevant. OHNs need a structure to document psychosocial factors and more guidance in how to use the documentation as a tool in their decision making in health checks.

A novel g.-1258G>A mutation in a conserved putative regulatory element of PAX9 is associated with autosomal dominant molar hypodontia.

Mutations in the transcription factor PAX9 which plays a critical role in the switching of odontogenic potential from the epithelium to the mesenchyme during tooth development cause autosomal dominant non-syndromic hypodontia primarily affecting molars. Linkage analysis on a family segregating autosomal dominant molar hypodontia with markers flanking and within PAX9 yielded a maximum multipoint LOD score of 3.6. No sequence variants were detected in the coding or 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of PAX9. However, we identified a novel g.-1258G>A sequence variant in all affected individuals of the family but not in the unaffected family members or in 3088 control chromosomes. This mutation is within a putative 5'-regulatory sequence upstream of PAX9 highly conserved in primates, somewhat conserved in ungulates and carnivores but not conserved in rodents. Bioinformatics analysis of the sequence determined that there was no abolition or creation of a putative binding site for known transcription factors. Based on our previous findings that haploinsufficiency for PAX9 leads to hypodontia, we postulate that the g.-1258G>A variant reduces the expression of PAX9 which underlies the hypodontia phenotype in this family.

Allergic sensitization is associated with rhinovirus-, but not other virus-, induced wheezing in children.

BACKGROUND: Data on the link between atopy and viral wheeze are limited. AIM: To evaluate the association between IgE sensitization and viral infection in wheezing children. METHODS: This is an observational study in hospitalized wheezing children (n = 247; median age 1.6 ; interquartile range 1.1, 2.9). Eighteen respiratory viral infections were studied using all available methods. A specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization for common food and aeroallergens and other atopy-related variables including total IgE, blood and nasal eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide, eczema and atopic eczema, parental allergy and asthma, number of wheezing episodes, positive asthma predictive index or asthma and use of inhaled corticosteroid were correlated with specific viral etiology. RESULTS: Atopy was closely associated with sole rhinovirus etiology (n = 58) but not with sole respiratory syncytial virus, sole enterovirus, sole human bocavirus, sole other virus, mixed viral, or virus negative etiology. The number of sensitizations was particularly associated with sole rhinovirus etiology (odds ratio 4.59; 95% confidence interval 1.78, 11.8; adjusted to age and sex), followed by aeroallergen sensitization (respectively; 4.18; 2.00, 8.72), total IgE level (2.06; 1.32, 3.21), food allergen sensitization (2.02; 1.08, 3.78), and nasal eosinophil count (1.52; 1.08, 2.13). CONCLUSIONS: According to our data, allergic sensitization is positively linked to rhinovirus-, but not other virus-, associated wheezing and calls attention for studies to test rhinovirus-associated wheezing as a part of asthma risk indices.

Cardiac positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging accurately detects anatomically and functionally significant coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used to detect coronary artery disease, but the evaluation of stenoses is often uncertain. Perfusion imaging has an established role in detecting ischemia and guiding therapy. Hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/CT allows combination angiography and perfusion imaging in short, quantitative, low-radiation-dose protocols. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 107 patients with an intermediate (30% to 70%) pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease. All patients underwent PET/CT (quantitative PET with (15)O-water and CT angiography), and the results were compared with the gold standard, invasive angiography, including measurement of fractional flow reserve when appropriate. Although PET and CT angiography alone both demonstrated 97% negative predictive value, CT angiography alone was suboptimal in assessing the severity of stenosis (positive predictive value, 81%). Perfusion imaging alone could not always separate microvascular disease from epicardial stenoses, but hybrid PET/CT significantly improved this accuracy to 98%. The radiation dose of the combined PET and CT protocols was 9.3 mSv (86 patients) with prospective triggering and 21.8 mSv (21 patients) with spiral CT. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac hybrid PET/CT imaging allows accurate noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease in a symptomatic population. The method is feasible and can be performed routinely with <10 mSv in most patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00627172.

Twenty-four-month alpha-galactosidase A replacement therapy in Fabry disease has only minimal effects on symptoms and cardiovascular parameters.

Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A enzyme activity. Decreased enzyme activity leads to accumulation of glycosphingolipids in different tissues including endothelial cells and smooth-muscle cells and cardiomyocytes, and cardiovascular complications are common in the disease. Since 2001, specific enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with alpha-galactosidase A has been available. It has been reported to improve clinical symptoms and quality of life. However, limited and controversial data on its efficacy to cardiac involvement have been published. Nine patients (5 male) with Fabry disease were included in an open-label prospective follow-up study of 24-month ERT. Comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation was performed by MRI, stress echocardiography and quality of life assessment. Plasma globotriaosylceramide decreased from 6.2 to 1.4 microg/ml during ERT (p<0.05). The only other measured parameters that changed significantly were resting heart rate that decreased from 79 to 67 bpm (p<0.01) and end-systolic volume that decreased by 12.4 ml (p<0.05). The other parameters consisting of quality of life, self-estimated cardiovascular condition, diastolic function, exercise capacity, ECG parameters, ejection fraction and ventricular mass did not change. ERT has only minimal effect on symptoms and cardiovascular morphology and function in Fabry disease. Therefore, effective conventional medical therapy is still of major importance in Fabry disease. Larger ERT studies are warranted, especially in women, to solve current open questions, such as the age at which ERT should be started, optimal dosage and intervals between infusions. Furthermore, longer follow-up studies are needed to assess the effects of ERT on prognosis.

Identification of ALOX5 as a gene regulating adiposity and pancreatic function.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We previously used an integrative genetics approach to demonstrate that 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) deficiency in mice (Alox5 (-/-)) protects against atherosclerosis despite increasing lipid levels and fat mass. In the present study, we sought to further examine the role of 5-LO in adiposity and pancreatic function. METHODS: Alox5 (-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were characterised with respect to adiposity and glucose/insulin metabolism using in vivo and in vitro approaches. The role of ALOX5 in pancreatic function in human islets was assessed through short interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown experiments. RESULTS: Beginning at 12 weeks of age, Alox5 (-/-) mice had significantly increased fat mass, plasma leptin levels and fasting glucose levels, but lower fasting insulin levels (p<0.05). Although Alox5 (-/-) mice did not exhibit insulin resistance, they had impaired insulin secretion in response to a bolus glucose injection. Histological analyses revealed that Alox5 (-/-) mice had increased islet area, beta cell nuclear size, and numbers of beta cells/mm(2) islet (p<0.05), indicative of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Basal and stimulated insulin secretion in isolated Alox5 (-/-) islets were significantly lower than in WT islets (p<0.05) and accompanied by a three- to fivefold decrease in the expression of the genes encoding insulin and pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1). Direct perturbation of ALOX5 in isolated human islets with siRNA decreased insulin and PDX1 gene expression by 50% and insulin secretion by threefold (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These results provide strong evidence for pleiotropic metabolic effects of 5-LO on adiposity and pancreatic function and may have important implications for therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Correlation of transthoracic Doppler echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging in measuring left anterior descending artery flow velocity and time-course of dipyridamole-induced coronary flow increase.

There is an increasing need for new, functional and more quantitative parameters to assess coronary arterial function, for the purposes of evidence-based medicine. Coronary arterial function has been widely studied using pharmacological stimulation induced by dipyridamole or adenosine. Coronary flow reserve (CFR), defined as the ratio of pharmacologically induced hyperemic flow divided by basal flow, has been found to be an important functional index in both the clinical and subclinical stages of cardiovascular diseases. Ten healthy male volunteers were studied to compare transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) and MRI for measuring left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) flow velocity and CFR. Additionally, the time-response curve of dipyridamole infusion was studied in five healthy males using TTE. Assessment of blood flow velocity, measured as MDV, PDV and VTI indicated Pearson's correlation coefficients of 0.88, 0.85 and 0.70, respectively, between flow velocity measurements performed using TTE and MRI. The results indicate that, despite minor differences in LAD diastolic velocities measured by TTE and MRI, the correlation of the LAD diastolic velocities measured using both methods are good and both methods are feasible for measuring CFR. Moreover, TTE has the unique capability of continuous measurement of LAD flow velocity, which allowed assessment of the time-response curve for dipyridamole-induced increase in LAD flow velocity in this study. This study indicates that the TTE method may be used in sequential or on-line monitoring of LAD blood flow velocity and therefore can be applied to evaluate the time- or dose-response effects of infused drugs in the coronary circulation of humans.

Decreased large artery distensibility in borderline hypertension is related to increased in vivo low-density lipoprotein oxidation.

The present study tested the hypothesis that reduced arterial elasticity seen in hypertension is related to increased oxidation of LDL. Fifteen men with borderline hypertension (BHT), with blood pressure values classified as high normal (systolic blood pressure 130-140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure 85-89 mmHg) were included. The control group comprised 22 men with normal blood pressure values (<135/80 mmHg) matched for age, body size and LDL-cholesterol level. Distensibility of aorta was measured using magnetic resonance imaging, and distensibility of the common carotid artery using ultrasound. Baseline LDL diene conjugation was used as a marker for ox-LDL. Aortic and carotid distensibilities were lower in the BHT men than in controls (1.4 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.6%/10 mmHg, p<0.05 for aortic distensibility; 2.9 +/- 0.9 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.6%/10 mmHg, p<0.05 for carotid distensibility). Ox-LDL was significantly higher in the BHT men than in controls (44 +/-15 vs. 28 +/- 8 micromol/L, p<0.01). In univariate analysis, ox-LDL associated with aortic distensibility (r=-0.43, p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, the differences in distensibilities between the groups disappeared when the values were adjusted for ox-LDL. These data show decreased arterial elasticity and increased LDL oxidation in young men with borderline hypertension, and suggest that oxidative modification of LDL particles may play a pathophysiological role in the development of reduced arterial distensibility in hypertension.

Transoesophageal echocardiography in selecting patients for anticoagulation after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate prospectively the role of transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in selecting patients for anticoagulation in an unselected stroke population. METHODS: Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and TEE were done in all clinically suitable hospitalised patients (n = 457) with transient ischaemic attack or ischaemic stroke in the acute phase during a two year period in Turku University Hospital. 441 patients were successfully evaluated for cardiac sources of embolism using TEE within 31 days of the event. RESULTS: A major risk factor for a cardiac source of embolism excluding atrial fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction, and prosthetic valve was detected in 10% of patients and a minor risk factor for a cardiac source of embolism in 46%. When a major risk factor of a cardiac source of embolism was detected using TTE or TEE and no contraindications were present, the patient was given anticoagulation drugs. If a minor risk factor for a cardiac source of embolism was detected, anticoagulation treatment was started after clinical assessment, if no contraindications were present. In 62 (14%) cases, the patient was given oral anticoagulation drugs or the necessity of ongoing anticoagulation treatment was confirmed on the basis of TEE. When these anticoagulation treated patients were evaluated using logistic regression analysis, they were found to have significantly more atrial fibrillation and histories of myocardial infarctions. Moreover, the patients were mainly men. When patients in sinus rhythm and without any history of cardiac disease were analysed, 8% of patients were found to have been given anticoagulation drugs on the basis of TEE data. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that TEE should be used in patients with stroke even without any clinical evidence of cardiac disease when the patients are candidates for anticoagulation.

Effect of medroxyprogesterone on pulmonary arterial pressure, exhaled nitric oxide, ECG and arterial blood gases.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) therapy on pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), exhaled nitric oxide (NO), electrocardiogram (ECG), and on arterial blood gases (ABG). DESIGN: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled cross-over trial. SETTING: University hospital in Turku, Finland. SUBJECTS: Fourteen postmenopausal women with respiratory impairment. INTERVENTIONS: A 2-week placebo and a 2-week MPA period (60 mg day -1) followed by 6-week placebo or MPA washout periods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The systolic PAP was estimated by Doppler echocardiography. PAP, ECG, NO and ABG were monitored at baseline, after 2-week placebo and MPA periods, and after 3- and 6-week placebo and MPA washout periods. RESULTS: The mean PaCO2 at baseline was 5.4 +/- 0.6 kPa (mean +/- SD). The average decrease of PaCO2 on MPA was -0.8 +/- 0.3 kPa (P < 0.001) and 0.3 +/- 1.0 kPa (P = 0.007) at the 3-week washout. The mean systolic PAP at baseline was 44.3 +/- 14.5 mm Hg. MPA did not change PAP until the 6-week washout, when the average increase of + 6.9 +/- 19.8 mm Hg (P = 0.002) was observed. No changes occurred in PaO2, exhaled NO or the ECG axes. The PR interval was shorter only on MPA (15.9 +/- 27.0 ms, P = 0.020) whereas the QRS duration remained shorter up to 3-week washout (3.9 +/0 5.5 ms, P = 0.008 and 4.0 +/- 14.3 ms, P = 0.032). The systolic and diastolic BP and the heart rate did not change. CONCLUSIONS: Despite prolonged decrease in PaCO2, short-term MPA had no effect on exhaled NO and did not decrease systolic PAP in postmenopausal women with respiratory impairment. MPA shortened the PR interval and the QRS duration, the latter effect being sustained at least up to 3 weeks.

Population-based twin study of the effects of migration from Finland to Sweden on endothelial function and intima-media thickness.

Finnish men have higher coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality than Swedish men do. To assess the impact of migration to a country with lower CHD mortality on subclinical atherosclerosis, we measured early functional and structural atherosclerotic vascular changes in twins discordant for migration from Finland to Sweden. Conventional CHD risk factors, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery, carotid intima-media thickness, and carotid artery compliance were measured in 74 male twin pairs (20 monozygous, 54 dizygous), aged 42 to 69 years, in which co-one twin had migrated more than 20 years ago permanently to Sweden. There were no significant differences in CHD risk factors except for diastolic blood pressure and body fat percentage, which were higher in Sweden. In all subjects, mean FMD was non-significantly higher in Sweden (5.7+/-4.3% vs 4.9+/-4.2%, P=0.22), but in monozygous twins the difference in FMD was highly significant (7.2+/-4.4 vs 3.7+/-2.9%, P=0.003). There was no significant difference in intima-media thickness or carotid artery compliance between Sweden and Finland. We conclude that in Finnish monozygous twins the endothelial function is better among the twins that have migrated to a country with lower CHD prevalence.

Ambulatory blood pressure characteristics in normotensive and treated hypertensive older people.

The objective of this study was to determine the normal values and characteristics of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and to describe the ABP level of treated hypertensive subjects in an older Finnish population. ABP was measured in 502 randomly selected subjects aged 64 years or over living in a Finnish municipality (mean age 70 years, range 64-87 years). A total of 211 subjects did not have blood pressure (BP) affecting medication. ABP measurements were taken every 30 min for 24 h, and the day- and night-time periods were diary-based. The results were that in untreated subjects, the average office BP was 134/82 +/- 16/9 (s.d.) mm Hg for men and 140/81 +/- 18/8 mm Hg for women. The 24-h average BP was 120/75 +/- 14/8 mm Hg (95th percentile upper limit 145/93 mm Hg) for men and 125/75 +/- 15/7 (95th = 154/89 mm Hg) for women. The daytime averages were 127/78 +/- 12/7 mm Hg (95th = 154/99 mm Hg) and 131/78 +/- 15/7 mm Hg (95th = 158/91 mm Hg) for men and women, respectively. The ABP daytime value of 130/83 mm Hg corresponded best to the office BP value of 140/90 mm Hg. All BP values were significantly higher in the treated hypertensive group compared to the normotensive group. Night-time BP was markedly lower than daytime BP, and no difference in circadian variability was found between the normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Both office and ambulatory BPs were significantly higher in women than in men. This study provides sex-specific normal values for ABP in a 64 to 87-year-old age group. The normal values of ABP were markedly lower than the office BP values. Hypertensives, even when treated, tended to have elevated values.

Ambulatory blood pressure and left ventricular mass in older age.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyse the association of ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) to left ventricular mass (LVM) in a population aged over 64 years and to describe the level of ABP in subjects with and without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in older age. METHODS: ABP measurement and echocardiography for calculation of LVM were assessed in 490 inhabitants (mean age 70.7 years, range 64-87 years) of a small town in southwestern Finland who were able to visit an outpatient clinic. Explanatory factors associated with LVM were assessed with linear regression analysis. LVH was defined as calculated LVM-index values exceeding 150 g/m2 in men and 120 g/m2 in women adopted from the Framingham Study. RESULTS: Systolic ABP was significantly associated with LVM. No correlation between diastolic ABP and LVM was found. Other factors independently related to LVM were gender, body mass index and age. The prevalence of echocardiographic LVH was 22%. Subjects with LVH had markedly higher systolic ABP levels than those without LVH (mean (SD) 24-h ABP: 132(16)/75(8) mmHg vs. 123(13)/75(8) mmHg). CONCLUSION: Systolic ABP is associated with LVM in older people. In addition, systolic ABP is superior to diastolic ABP in relation to LVM in the aged.

Increased aortic intima-media thickness: a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in high-risk children.

BACKGROUND: Autopsy studies in children have shown that atherosclerotic lesions begin to develop first in the intima of the aorta. Recent developments in ultrasound techniques have made it possible to visualize the intima-medial thickness of the abdominal aorta directly (aIMT). Therefore, we examined the feasibility of measuring aIMT in children and studied its value in distinguishing high-risk children from healthy controls compared with a more established marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, the common carotid artery intima-medial thickness (cIMT). METHODS AND RESULTS: IMTs were measured using high-resolution (13 MHz) ultrasound in 88 children (aged 11+/-2 years); 16 had hypercholesterolemia (LDL cholesterol, 5.1+/-1.2 mmol/L), 44 had type 1 diabetes (mean duration, 4.4+/-3.1 years; LDL cholesterol, 2.3+/-0.7 mmol/L), and 28 were healthy (controls; LDL cholesterol, 2.5+/-0.8 mmol/L). High-risk children had significantly increased aIMTs and cIMTs (both P<0.001) compared with controls. In controls, aIMT was similar to cIMT (P=NS), but aIMT was higher than cIMT in the children with hypercholesterolemia and diabetes (both P<0.01). Both markers showed excellent and approximately equal between-observer (<4%) and between-subject variation (<5%). CONCLUSIONS: Children with hypercholesterolemia and diabetes show increased IMTs compared with healthy controls, with a relatively greater increase in the aIMT than in the cIMT. Because atherosclerosis begins first in the intima of the aorta, these data suggest that the aIMT might provide the best currently available noninvasive marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in children.

Assessing coronary sinus blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease: a comparison of phase-contrast MR imaging with positron emission tomography.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to determine whether MR imaging can be used to reliably measure global myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve in patients with coronary artery disease as compared with such measurements obtained by positron emission tomography (PET). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We measured myocardial blood flow first at baseline and then after dipyridamole-induced hyperemia in 20 patients with coronary artery disease. Myocardial blood flow as revealed by MR imaging was calculated by dividing coronary sinus flow by the left ventricular mass. Coronary flow reserve was calculated by dividing the rate of hyperemic flow by the rate of baseline flow. RESULTS: Using MR imaging, myocardial blood flow at baseline was 0.73 +/- 0.23 mL x min(-1) x g(-1), and at hyperemia the blood flow was 1.43 +/- 0.37 mL x min(-1) x g(-1), yielding an average coronary flow reserve of 1.99 +/- 0.47. Using PET, myocardial blood flow was 0.89 +/- 0.21 mL x min(-1) x g(-1) at baseline and 1.56 +/- 0.42 mL x min(-1) x g(-1) at hyperemia, yielding an average coronary flow reserve of 1.77 +/- 0.36. The correlation of myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve measurements for these two methods was an r of 0.80 (p < 0.01) and an r of 0.50 (p < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: This study shows that myocardial blood flow measurements obtained using MR imaging have a good correlation with corresponding PET measurements. Coronary flow reserve measurements obtained using MR imaging had only moderate correlation with PET-obtained measurements. Our results suggest that MR imaging flow quantification could potentially be used for measuring global myocardial blood flow in patients in whom interventional treatment for coronary artery disease is being evaluated.

Transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography: a new way to diagnose coronary artery disease.

Until now, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has had the capability to visualize only the proximal portions of the main coronary arteries. However, we noticed that transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography has marked potential to visualize flow in the coronary arteries. In clinical cases we tested whether this method is useful for visualizing stenoses and flow even in peripheral branches of the coronaries. This article presents two illustrative clinical cases. In our experience, transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography is very suitable for clinical use.

Long-term reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure in unselected elderly subjects.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term reproducibility and validity of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurements (ABPM) in an unselected elderly population. In a rural Finnish community 503 randomly chosen invited persons over 65 years of age participated and went through 24-h ABPM. As part of the validation of the methodology, the reproducibility study was conducted in 26 persons (age 65-76 years). Two identical sets of measurement were performed at 4-12 (median 8) month intervals. The agreement between measurements was assessed by correlation coefficients and standard deviation (SD) of the differences. There were no significant differences in 24-h, daytime and night-time average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and daytime average systolic blood pressure (SBP) between the two measurements. During the second measurement, 24-h SBP and night-time average SBP were slightly higher than those obtained by the first monitoring. Average 24-h SBP and DBP were 18 and 7 mmHg lower, respectively, than office blood pressure averages. The correlation coefficients were significantly higher for 24-h ambulatory blood pressure than for office blood pressure. The SD of the mean difference between visits was significantly lower for 24-h ambulatory blood pressure than for office blood pressure measurements. These findings show that the long-term reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure is good in an elderly unselected population and better than the office blood pressure reproducibility.