The effects of McConnell patellofemoral joint and tibial internal rotation limitation taping techniques in people with Patellofemoral pain syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Taping is frequently used as part of the multi-modal management for patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). McConnell Patellofemoral Joint Taping (PFJT) and Tibial Internal Rotation Limitation Taping (TIRLT) are proposed to be useful adjuncts to the management of PFPS. However, it is unclear if TIRLT offers similar benefits to PFJT, and its effect on pain and lower limb kinematics have not been investigated previously. RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the effects of TIRLT, PFJT and no taping on perceived pain and lower limb kinematics during a lunge and single leg squat (SLS) in people with PFPS? METHODS: This cross-sectional study compared the effects of TIRLT, PFJT and no taping, on knee pain and lower limb kinematics during two pain-provoking movements in people with PFPS. Participants with PFPS (n = 23) performed a lunge and SLS under three randomised conditions: TIRLT, PFJT and no taping. The Codamotion system captured and analysed lower limb kinematic data in the sagittal, transverse and coronal planes. Peak knee pain intensity during the movement was assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). RESULTS: Participants reported significantly less pain with the TIRLT and PFJT techniques compared with no tape during the lunge (p = 0.005 and p = 0.011, respectively) and SLS (p= 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). There was no evidence of altered lower limb kinematics accompanying pain reductions with either taping technique. SIGNIFICANCE: Both forms of taping may be useful adjuncts as the short-term benefit of pain relief may enable participation in more active forms of rehabilitation.

Matching humanitarian norms with cold, hard interests: the making of refugee policies in Mexico and Honduras, 1980-89.

PIP: Humanitarian norms and institutions should be considered when analyzing the development and state of national policy. Mexico and Honduras, for example, have provided physical security, health care, and education to most Guatemalans and Salvadorans seeking asylum. In neither case, however, are Mexico's and Honduras' economic and political interests being best served. National interest initially forced the deportation or massacre of these refugees, in the case of Honduras, in the early 1980s. In the absence of change in neither national interests nor attitude, these refugees owe their current treatment to the Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. These cases support this paper's argument that national policy is shaped over time by interaction with international norm-promoting institutions. In the interest of minimizing costs and risk, policymakers and governments tend to adapt institutionally developed and internationally accepted policies to suit their needs. National policy is not developed solely on the basis of calculations of national interest outside of internationally accepted norms. This paper demonstrates the ability to empirically test the nature of forces guiding the development of national policy.^ieng