Investigation of Recycled Expanded Polyamide Beads through Artificial Ageing and Mechanical Recycling as a Proof of Concept for Circular Economy.

Car manufacturers are currently challenged with increasing the sustainability of their products and production to comply with sustainability requirements and legislation. One way to enhance product sustainability is by reducing the carbon footprint of fossil-based plastic parts. Particle foams are a promising solution to achieve the goal of using lightweight parts with minimal material input. Ongoing developments involve the use of expanded particle foam beads made from engineering plastics such as polyamide (EPA). To achieve this, a simulated life cycle was carried out on virgin EPA, including mechanical recycling. The virgin material was processed into specimens using a steam-free method. One series was artificially aged to replicate automotive life cycle stresses, while the other series was not. The mechanical recycling and re-foaming of the minipellets were then carried out, resulting in an EPA particle foam with 100% recycled content. Finally, the thermal and chemical material properties were comparatively analysed. The study shows that the recycled EPA beads underwent polymer degradation during the simulated life cycle, as evidenced by their material properties. For instance, the recycled beads showed a more heterogeneous molecular weight distribution (an increase in PDI from two to three), contained carbonyl groups, and exhibited an increase in the degree of crystallization from approximately 24% to 36%.

Is there a relationship between abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs seen in hair results?

Combined use of alcohol and illicit drugs is a serious health and social problem. In this study, it was examined, whether a relationship between alcohol and drug abuse can be ascertained by comparison of alcohol marker and drug concentrations in hair. In the frame of a social support system for families with parental abuse of illicit drugs, hair samples were analyzed between 2011 and 2022 for methadone, heroin (6-acetylmorphine), cocaine, amphetamine, ecstasy (MDMA), cannabinoids (THC), and the alcohol markers ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl palmitate (EtPa). For 1314 hair samples from adolescent and adult family members, the hair results show a prevalence of combined occasional or regular drug use and social or abusive alcohol use of 41%-60% except heroin (35%). The drug concentrations were statistically compared in the three categories of abstinence or moderate drinking, social drinking, and alcohol abuse. For the most frequently detected drug cocaine (n = 703), a significant increase of the concentrations with rising alcohol consumption was found. The frequent detection of cocaethylene proved the preferred simultaneous intake of both substances. For THC (n = 489), no significant difference between the alcohol consumer groups was seen. Concerning the less frequently detected methadone (n = 89), 6-acetylmorphine (n = 92), amphetamine (n = 123), and MDMA (n = 105), no clear trend between drug and alcohol marker results was determined. It is concluded that the evaluation of hair results is an appropriate way to study the extent of combined drug-alcohol consumption and complements other studies based on acquisition of consumption data by interview or questionnaire.

Repeated poisoning of the life partner by thallium - a case of questionable Munchausen by adult proxy syndrome with ensuing attempted murder.

After the use of thallium as rat poison was banned, the knowledge about the severe and treacherous course of poisonings with this toxic metal has widely been lost. In the present case, the male victim sustained two insidious poisoning attacks in 2017 and 2020 by the perpetrator, his female life partner. In the first poisoning episode, he suffered from increasing heavy pain of the abdomen, stinging pain of both legs, persistent obstipation, hyperesthesia, and, after about 2 weeks, tuft-wise loss of hair as typical symptoms of the thallium poisoning. Within 7 weeks, he was successively examined in six hospitals with a wide variety of diagnostic methods, but a conclusive explanation of the complaints was not found. The possibility of a metal intoxication was then suggested by the perpetrator who privately arranged the analysis of a blood sample with the result of 175 µg/l thallium. Although a criminal poisoning was assumed, the perpetrator was not identified. After the victim left the perpetrator, she subtly executed a second poisoning attack with thallium sulfate (blood level 1230 µg/l after 1 day, urine level 4760 µg/l after 10 days, and hair concentrations 3.26-0.49 from proximal to distal in 9 segments). The perpetrator was sentenced to 10.5 years imprisonment for grievous bodily harm and attempted murder. Because of the behavior of the perpetrator, a Munchausen by proxy syndrome was discussed as a motivation of the first poisoning but was excluded by the psychiatric expert because of a missing antisocial personality disorder.

Prevalence and concentrations of new designer stimulants, synthetic opioids, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens in postmortem hair samples: A 13-year retrospective study.

Hair samples are frequently analyzed in order to characterize consumption patterns of drugs. However, the interpretation of new psychoactive substance (NPS) findings in hair remains difficult because of lacking data for comparison. In this study, selected postmortem hair samples (n = 1203) from 2008 to 2020 were reanalyzed for synthetic cathinones, piperazines, phenethylamines, hallucinogens, benzodiazepines and opioids to evaluate prevalence data and concentration ranges. Hair samples were extracted using a two-step extraction procedure and analyzed using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Overall NPSs were detected in 381 cases (31.6%). Many cases were tested positive for more than one NPS in the same time span. A variety of NPS with a large range of concentrations was observed. For better comparability and interpretation of positive cases in routine work, quantitation data for 13 NPS were calculated as percentiles. The most frequently detected NPS in this study were N-ethylamphetamine, α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, mephedrone, benzedrone, metamfepramone, and 4-fluoroamphetamine. In conclusion, a high prevalence of these drugs was observed from postmortem hair samples. The results show a growing use of many different NPSs by mainly young drug-using adults. Consequently, NPS screening procedures should be included in forensic toxicology. Our quantitative data may support other toxicologists in their assessment of NPS hair concentrations.

Prevalence of cathinones and other new psychoactive substances in hair of parents and children of families with known or suspected parental abuse of conventional illegal drugs.

BACKGROUND: Hair analysis of parents and their children was regularly used since 2011 as a diagnostic tool in a social support project for families with known or suspected abuse of conventional illegal drugs and revealed a high incidence of cocaine, cannabinoids, amphetamines, ecstasy and heroin. In this context, the prevalence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in these families should be important for a realistic estimate of the situation. METHODS: The extracts of 1537 hair samples from 318 children (age 1-14 years), 44 adolescents and 611 adults, which were collected and tested for conventional drugs between June 2016 and April 2021 and frozen at -20 °C, were reanalyzed by a validated LC-MS/MS method (limits of quantitation 5-24 pg/mg) for 33 cathinones, 10 phenylethylamines, 5 piperazines including the antidepressant trazodone, 2 tryptamines, 9 designer benzodiazepines, 4 synthetic opioids and 4 ketamine-like substances including phencyclidine. RESULTS: Between one and up to five from 42 of these substances were detected in 227 samples (14.8%). The most frequently detected substances were benzedrone (62x), α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (41x), N-ethylamphetamine (29x), dimethyltryptamine (13x) and pyrovalerone (11x). The quantification was possible only for 34 results of 15 drugs and the remaining majority of the results were unambiguously identified below LLOQ. The relative frequency of conventional drugs in the 227 NPS positive samples was higher than in all 1310 NPS negative samples for cocaine (69.6% vs. 56.0%), heroin (6-acetylmorphine 8.8% vs. 4.9%), amphetamine (16.3% vs. 7.7%) and MDMA (16.3% vs. 7.0%) but was similar for THC (38.3% vs. 36.3%) and benzodiazepines (1.8% vs. 1.7%). The high prevalence of N-ethylamphetamine can be explained as a byproduct of the illicit amphetamine synthesis from benzaldehyde and nitroethane rather than as a separate drug or as a combined metabolite of amphetamine and ethanol. The isolated appearance of 3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine in 9 hair samples collected in January 2017 can be caused either by its use as an NPS or by its formation as a metabolite of the medical drug flibanserin. The results were compared within 17 families whose members were tested at the same time and showed positive NPS results. The detected drugs agreed between both parents only in about half of the cases whereas the drugs found in children's hair was always detected also in hair of one or both parents. CONCLUSION: The re-testing of hair extracts for NPS after long-time storage in frozen state enables an impression about the relative high prevalence in the tested population group, despite the limitation by partial degradation of the substances and the corresponding impossibility in quantitative assessments. In addition to conventional drugs, the hair test for these substances should be useful in unclear cases of child's welfare endangerment and in family law.

Death scene investigation and autopsy proceedings in identifying the victims of the terror attack on the Breitscheidplatz in Berlin 19th December 2016.

We describe and discuss the forensic mission after the terrorist attack on the Breitscheidplatz in Berlin on 19th December 2016, focusing on co-operation with police authorities, and the injury patterns of the deceased. Even after massive blunt trauma, severe injury patterns are often unrecognizable by visual inspection of the body ("Casper's sign"), which could instill false security among rescuers or, as happened on the Breitscheidplatz, may lead to distress or even trauma in rescue personnel when obviously primarily uninjured patients die suddenly.

Hair analysis of antidepressants and antipsychotics-Overview of quantitative data.

Antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs are regularly encountered in different aspects of forensic toxicology, and some cases require the examination of hair samples. In this study, common antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs regarding hair concentrations over the past decades were reviewed. Although numerous publications around method validations, case reports, or controlled dose studies were found, apparently there is a lack of comprehensive data for many substances. Information on the hair length and dosage across the publications varied largely, and case numbers were generally low except for several retrospective controlled dose studies. Many substances were described only in method validations or case reports, and data were obtained from small case numbers. On the contrary, clozapine, haloperidol, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, risperidone and its metabolite, methylphenidate, citalopram, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, and quetiapine had a well-founded database as these substances were investigated in controlled dose studies with higher case numbers. Given the advancements made in analytical techniques over the past years, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry techniques were the methods of choice and allowed the detection of chemical compounds at low concentrations. The controversy around a potential use of hair analysis to estimate the dosage remains as dose-concentration studies provided divergent results. A harmonization on the investigated hair length as well as on the extraction protocol would be of favor to achieve better comparability. Although hair analysis research focused mainly on drug abuse, availability of more data on antidepressants and antipsychotics would help to gain better knowledge and assist other forensic investigators.

Positive findings of ethyl glucuronide in hair of young children from families with addiction background.

AIMS: Small children are expected to be abstinent from alcohol, and children's hair is frequently used as the blank matrix for calibration of the alcohol consumption marker ethyl glucuronide (EtG). The basal EtG concentrations of total abstainers were described to be 0.3-2.1 pg/mg (Pirro et al. 2013). It is examined whether this assumption is valid for children from families with addiction background. METHODS: In a social support system for families with drug and/or alcohol addicted parents, 161 hair samples from 126 children (age 1-14 years, hair segment 0-3 cm) were analyzed for EtG by a validated LC-MS/MS method (LOD 0.56 pg/mg, LLOQ 2.3 pg/mg). For comparison, ethyl palmitate (EtPa) was measured and hair samples from parents were included. EtG ≥ 3 pg/mg was considered as an alarming result for children. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: EtG concentrations between 3.0 and 42.6 pg/mg (mean 9.55 pg/mg, median 6.40 pg/mg) were measured for 25 samples (15.5%, age 22 × 1-5 years, 3 × 9-11 years). Elevated EtPa (0.15-0.46 ng/mg) was found in 6 samples and cocaethylene (0.02-0.07 ng/mg) was detected in 5 samples with high cocaine findings. Hair results of one or both parents indicated drug abuse in 12 from 14 cases (85.7%) if both parents were tested. CONCLUSION: Although accidental or voluntary intake of alcoholic beverages cannot be excluded, the external contamination of children's hair by EtG-containing wine and sweat or urine of the alcohol abusing parents is assumed to be the most probable explanation for the positive EtG results in hair of 1-5-year-old children.

[The Frequency of Cases of Child Abuse - Results of a Survey of Brandenburg Child and Adolescent Psychotherapists]. / Die Häufigkeit von Fällen von Kindesmisshandlung ­ Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Brandenburger Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapeuten.

BACKGROUND: Within the field of (medical) child protection, child and adolescent psychotherapists are an important occupational group. However, that fact has mostly been overlooked in scientific discourse. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and the approach to dealing with cases of (suspected) child abuse in psychotherapeutic practice. METHODS: All KJP who are admitted in the federal state of Brandenburg were asked to answer a questionnaire about the frequency of child abuse, divided by form of abuse and age. Furthermore, the number of reports to an authority/ agency, reasons for not reporting a (potential) case as well as necessary prerequisites for reliable recognition, evaluation and initiation of medico-legal, medical and psychotherapeutic interventions were recorded. RESULTS: In 2016, 74.4% and in 2017, 87% of child and adolescent psychotherapists registered at least one case of (suspected) child abuse. For both years, emotional negligence and emotional abuse were the most common types of abuse. The age group 6-13 was most affected by child abuse. In 2016, 34.4% and in 2017, 35% of child and adolescent psychotherapists who saw at least one case of (suspected) child abuse reported those to an agency. The most common reason (47.6%) for not reporting cases of (suspected) child abuse was the child's wish to not share any content discussed in therapy. 83.7% stated that clear criteria to reliably diagnose emotional negligence and emotional abuse are missing. Continuing education on medical/ psychotherapeutic and medico-legal aspects (53.3%), better cooperation between involved professions (43.4%) and inclusion of the overall topic in psychotherapist training and education (26.7%) were mentioned as the most important requirements for effective child protection. CONCLUSIONS: Cases of (suspected) child abuse are highly relevant in ambulant psychotherapeutic practice. Due to their close relationship with the patient, child and adolescent psychotherapists can identify emotional negligence and emotional abuse especially well. Their contribution to the care of children affected by abuse requires continuing education offers specific to their profession, the development of clear measures regarding the cooperation with Child Protective Services (county-level) as well as binding definitions and criteria for the different types of abuse.

Detection and quantification of synthetic cathinones and selected piperazines in hair by LC-MS/MS.

New psychoactive substances (NPS)-such as synthetic cathinones and piperazines-are defined as substances designed to replicate the effects of traditional illegal drugs, including cocaine, ecstasy and amphetamines. These substances are known to potentially be much more potent than their analogs. In the past, there were many poisonings and deaths associated with NPS. Because of this, NPS identification and quantification have become more important in forensic toxicology. The present work aimed to develop, validate and apply a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method capable of detecting 35 synthetic cathinones and piperazines in hair samples. All target analytes were resolved in a 12 min run time and identified based on the quantifier ion, at least one product ion and the retention time. Depending on the analyte, the calibration curves were linear over a maximal range of 0.01-3 ng/mg. The limits of detection and quantification were within the ranges of 0.006-0.052 ng/mg and 0.008-0.095 ng/mg, respectively. The precision, bias and matrix effect were all within acceptable GTFCh thresholds and the method was free from interferences. The validated method was successfully used to identify synthetic cathinones and piperazines in authentic hair samples (n = 40) from forensic cases, demonstrating its suitability for the screening and quantification of a wide number of new stimulants in hair specimens.

[Violent death in old age-an analysis of autopsy reports]. / Gewaltsamer Tod im Alter ­ eine Analyse von Obduktionsberichten.

BACKGROUND: More and more people in Germany reach increasingly higher ages. The risk of victimization is unclear because the lack of reliable numbers impedes assessment of the current relevance of violent death in old age. OBJECTIVE: To close that gap this article presents epidemiological data obtained from autopsy reports, for the most frequent circumstances of violent death in old age and discusses the characteristics and means of prevention. MATERIAL: All autopsy files of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences at the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin from 2005 to 2016 were analyzed with respect to age, circumstances of death and motive. A total of 11,381 cases were included. RESULTS: Of all autopsied persons, 51.8% were aged 60 years or older. The homicide and suicide percentages of all cases were lower within the 60+ years age group in comparison to the younger group. Financial gain was the main motive in the case of 25.6% of people killed aged 60 years and over. Frequent suicide motives were diseases, particularly depression for women and malignant tumors as well as partnership issues for men. Being overburdened with taking care of the partner was a problem for men in particular. Dyadic death, i.e. the entirety of joint suicides and homicide-suicides, gained in importance within the 60+ years age group. CONCLUSION: Fatal violence against older persons is presumably underestimated. The classification of dyadic death turned out to be impractical. Therefore, a replacement by erotic-aggressive, symbiotic and parasitic death is suggested. Suicide with subsequent suicide is described for the first time and dubbed suicide-suicide. Prevention by social inclusion of old people is essential.

Hair analysis of more than 140 families with drug consuming parents. Comparison between hair results from adults and their children.

BACKGROUND: Hair samples from children are frequently analyzed in order to characterize their endangerment in a drug using environment. However, the interpretation of the results remains difficult because of lacking data for comparison. In this study, hair samples from families with drug consuming parents were analyzed for illegal and selected medical drugs and the results were evaluated concerning a relationship between findings of parents and children depending on kind of drug, age and gender of children as well as maternal or paternal drug concentrations in hair. METHODS: In an ongoing social supporting project for families with underage children and drug consuming parents, hair samples were analyzed since 2011 for methadone, opiates and opioid analgesics, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabinoids and benzodiazepines by LC-MS/MS with LOQs ≈ 0.01 ng/mg. From the data pool of more than 1300 individuals, 100 families with results for one or both parents and one to five children, 30 families with results only for both parents, and 11 families with results only for 2-4 children were selected. Fifty eight of these 141 families were repeatedly tested (altogether 251 family tests). RESULTS: One to 5 drugs were detected in 239 (95.2%) of the family tests with highest occurrence of cocaine (79.7%) and THC (50.2%). According to the concentrations of the tested persons, the most probable drug users were the mother (25%), the father (24%), both parents (16%), or were not tested (30%). Within the families, there was an agreement of the detected drugs between parents and children of 47.8%, between both parents of 36.1%, and between children of 42.3%. For parents with hair concentrations in the typical range of regular drug use, the drug was detected in children hair with the following frequency: methadone 65.5%, heroin (6-AM) 63.6%, cocaine 92.1%, amphetamine 80%, MDMA 42.9% and THC 67.4% with higher percentage for younger children. The agreement for medical drugs (benzodiazepines 7.7%, synthetic opioids 8.7%, diphenhydramine 7.1%) was much lower suggesting voluntary administration or intake. Despite the strong variation of the data, clear trends were found that the child/parent drug concentration ratio decreases with increasing children age and is higher for boys than for girls. CONCLUSION: The comparison of hair results within families gives a deeper insight in the drug situation, often enables the identification of the drug user and is helpful for social and legal decisions to improve the conditions of the children.

Toxicological findings in suicides - frequency of antidepressant and antipsychotic substances.

The role of psychoactive substances in the treatment of mental disorders and the risk of suicide are major public health issues. This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of antidepressants and antipsychotics detected in toxicological screenings in suicides. Cases from the Institute of Legal Medicine of the Charité-University Medicine Berlin were reviewed over a 4-year-period. All cases (n = 477) with positive toxicology for antidepressants and antipsychotics in blood or organ tissue were included. Frequencies of the detected substances in non-suicide cases (n = 212; male n = 177, 55.2%; female n = 95, 52.5%) and suicide cases (n = 235; male n = 149, 63.4%; female n = 86, 36.6%) were examined. Tricyclic antidepressants (48.1%) were found most frequently in suicides, followed by atypical neuroleptics (37.0%), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (28.1%), typical neuroleptics (17.4%), tetracyclic antidepressants (16.2%) and other substances (8.9%). Alcohol was detected in 37.2% of suicides. The leading cause of death was drug poisoning (35.6%) followed by polytrauma (26.8%) and death by hanging (18.5%). A mental disorder (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, suicidality) was known in 22.9% of suicides. The most common location of death was the person's own house (63.8%) followed by public places (28.1%) and hospitals (8.1%) The five most common substances in the suicide group were doxepin (20%) citalopram (15.3%), mirtazapine (14.9%), quetiapine (13.6%) and amitriptyline (12.3%). Toxicological findings from cross-sectional studies provide insight into how often certain types of antidepressants and antipsychotics are associated with suicide. A complementary approach is valuable for assessing the risk of suicide during medical treatment because the various available approaches (analysis of suicidal behavior/ideation, toxicity of drugs) each have strengths and limitations.

Post-mortem evidence of doxylamine in toxicological analyses.

BACKGROUND: Doxylamine (DA) is widely available in pharmacies without prescription and can be used in suicidal intention because of its sedative and anticholinergic properties. Research of literature shows that only a few publications deal with post-mortem evidence of DA and its interpretation during toxicological examination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, all cases with a positive detection of DA during toxicological analyses with high-performance liquid chromatography in the time period 2000 to 2010 at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences in Berlin, Germany were retrospectively analysed and interpreted, taking into account police investigations, autopsy results and toxicological analyses. RESULTS: In total, 22 cases with DA intoxications were discovered (♂=16/♀=6, age-at-death range 17 to 90years). Maximum blood concentration was measured at 77.5µg/mL. Cause of death was due to DA intoxication in eight suicide cases; seven of those were combined intoxications (DA and other substances, particularly diphenhydramine). During the evaluated time period no monointoxications with DA were discovered. CONCLUSION: Benchmarks published in past literature are meant as orientation during evaluation of post-mortem DA evidence. These should not be used as absolute values and need to be interpreted individually in each case. Post-mortem redistribution needs to be considered as a main factor in alteration of DA concentration measurement. Furthermore, proof of DA ingestion found in gastric content should only be interpreted quantitatively due to unreliable calculation of the ingested amount. In conclusion, a variety of factors, such as the time period between time of death and the time of the first toxicological analysis, the condition of the body and the findings at autopsy, must also be critically considered.

Postmortem multislice computed tomography (pmMSCT) imaging of hangman's fracture.

First described in 1965, avulsion of the neural arch from the vertebral body of the axis (C2) as a sequel to violent and rapid hyperextension of the head was termed hangman's fracture because of its similarity to the injury observed after judicial hanging. Since diagnosing such a fracture at autopsy is difficult because of its anatomic position, accurate determination of features of a hangman's fracture in cases of non-judicial hanging has not been systematically elucidated. We performed a prospective autopsy study visualizing hangman's fractures in 32 cases of hanging using postmortem multislice computed tomography (pmMSCT). A hangman's fracture with a fracture of the vertebral arch adjacent to the C2 vertebral body was only detected in one case (3.1 %). In this case a rarely observed longer drop with a lateral knot was used. Although a hangman's fracture was invariably observed bilaterally in previously reported cases, our case revealed a unilateral fracture at the side corresponding to the location of the knot. Out of the three types of hangman's fracture, pmMSCT is especially useful for detecting type 1 (nonangulated, undisplaced C2 with a normal disk at C2/C3). Also, pmMSCT is superior to conventional radiography in diagnosis, especially when the fracture is extending into the transverse foramen. In conclusion, pmMSCT imaging is useful for detecting hangman's fracture in hanging cases. Accumulating more evidence through pmMSCT will allow clarification of the actual incidence and circumstantial findings of hangman's fracture that have been controversially debated for many decades in the forensic community.

Hair analysis in the detection of long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and its relation to gastrointestinal hemorrhage: an examination of 268 hair and blood samples from autopsy cases.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used as analgesics and antipyretics in Western countries. Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are common side effects of NSAIDs and other drugs. This study investigated the correlation between chronic use of these substances and GI lesions by analyzing postmortem blood and hair samples from autopsy cases. This study included 268 hair and blood samples from autopsy cases. Deceased individuals with GI lesions were selected for the case group (n = 132) and those without any GI lesions were placed in the control group (n = 136). Collection of the samples took place from 2008 until 2010 at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. HPLC-DAD was used to analyze the blood samples while hair samples were analyzed using LC-quadrupole-time-of-flight-MS. The proximal 0-6 cm hair segment was analyzed. The full length of shorter hair samples was analyzed when longer segments were unavailable. Method validation was performed according to the guidelines of the German Society of Toxicological and Forensic Chemistry (GTFCh). Twenty-three per cent of the case group blood samples included one or more NSAIDs while 19 % of the control group blood samples included one or more NSAIDs. In contrast, the hair analysis results demonstrated that samples from the control and case group differed significantly; 67 % of the case group tested positive for one or more NSAIDs while 38 % of the control group tested positive for one or more NSAIDs. Hair analysis results provided a strong indication of a relationship between frequent NSAID consumption and GI lesions.

Honor crimes: review and proposed definition.

There is every reason to believe that honor based violence is one of the forms of domestic violence that is being practiced against females all over the world. This type of violence includes a wide range of crimes, the severest of which is honor killing. Many studies have adopted different definitions for the so-called honor killing. In this paper some of these definitions are discussed and a working definition is proposed. The scope of the problem worldwide is presented. Honor killing goes beyond ethnicity, class, and religion. It is a very old phenomenon that was practiced in ancient Rome, guided by penal codes. Some of the older as well as new penal codes are discussed concerning this matter from different regions of the world. The different efforts of international governmental and nongovernmental organizations in combating this problem are also presented.

Fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as alcohol markers: estimating a reliable cut-off point by evaluation of 1,057 autopsy cases.

Alcohol abuse is a widespread problem, especially in Western countries. Therefore, it is important to have markers of alcohol consumption with validated cut-off points. For many years research has focused on analysis of hair for alcohol markers, but data on the performance and reliability of cut-off values are still lacking. Evaluating 1,057 cases from 2005 to 2011, included a large sample group for the estimation of an applicable cut-off value when compared to earlier studies on fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in hair. The FAEEs concentrations in hair, police investigation reports, medical history, and the macroscopic and microscopic alcohol-typical results from autopsy, such as liver, pancreas, and cardiac findings, were taken into account in this study. In 80.2 % of all 1,057 cases pathologic findings that may be related to alcohol abuse were reported. The cases were divided into social drinkers (n = 168), alcohol abusers (n = 502), and cases without information on alcohol use. The median FAEEs concentration in the group of social drinkers was 0.302 ng/mg (range 0.008-14.3 ng/mg). In the group of alcohol abusers a median of 1.346 ng/mg (range 0.010-83.7 ng/mg) was found. Before June 2009 the hair FAEEs test was routinely applied to a proximal hair segment of 0-6 cm, changing to a routinely investigated hair length of 3 cm after 2009, as proposed by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT). The method showed significant differences between the groups of social drinkers and alcoholics, leading to an improvement in the postmortem detection of alcohol abuse. Nevertheless, the performance of the method was rather poor, with an area under the curve calculated from receiver operating characteristic (ROC curve AUC) of 0.745. The optimum cut-off value for differentiation between social and chronic excessive drinking calculated for hair FAEEs was 1.08 ng/mg, with a sensitivity of 56 % and a specificity of 80 %. In relation to the "Consensus on Alcohol Markers 2012" by the SoHT, an increase in the cut-off value for FAEEs in the proximal hair segment 0-3 cm from 0.5 to 1 ng/mg may be advisable to avoid excessive numbers of false positive results.