ABSTRACT
We aimed to determine the duration of faecal carriage of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) -producing Enterobacteriaceae (EPE) in patients with clinical infection caused by an EPE, to study host strains during carriage, and to identify factors associated with prolonged carriage. Patients (n = 61) were followed with faecal samples and questionnaires about antimicrobial treatment and risk factors for EPE, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after EPE infection. The EPE isolates were subjected to ESBL genotyping, epidemiological typing with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PCR-based replicon typing. Escherichia coli isolates were analysed with PCR for phylogrouping, detection of pabB (ST131) and virulence content. Patient-related and strain-related variables were compared for carriers and non-carriers at 12 months. Carriage of EPE was observed in 51 of 61 (84%) patients after 1 month, 36 of 61 (66%) after 3 months, 31 of 61 (55%) after 6 months and 26 of 61 (43%) after 12 months. Of the 26 carriers at 12 months, five had previous negative samples. In 17 of 61 patients, ESBL was found in a new bacterial species and/or strain during carriage. Among E. coli, 14 of 49 belonged to the international clone ST131. Phylogroup B2 and CTX-M-gr.-9 were associated with being carriers at 12 months (OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.1-16.3 and OR 6.4, 95% CI 1.3-30.9, respectively). In conclusion, EPE carriage is common 12 months after infection and persisting carriage may be associated with E. coli phylogroup B2 and CTX-M-gr.-9. The host strain frequently changes throughout carriage and negative samples do not imply eliminated carriage.
Subject(s)
Carrier State/epidemiology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/epidemiology , Enterobacteriaceae/enzymology , Feces/microbiology , beta-Lactamases/metabolism , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Carrier State/microbiology , Cohort Studies , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Enterobacteriaceae/classification , Enterobacteriaceae/genetics , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Female , Genotype , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Molecular Typing , Prospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Time FactorsABSTRACT
VIM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 21) isolated from ten Greek hospitals during 2003-2007 were characterized with multilocus sequence typing (MLST), semi-automated repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) (Diversilab), plasmid replicon typing, serotyping and screening for multiple resistance determinants. The isolates were selected to represent different strain clusters (defined by >80% similarity) according to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. MLST identified three major clonal complexes (CCs); CC147 (n = 8), CC18 (n = 5) and CC14 (n = 3). Plasmid replicon typing showed that IncA/C and/or IncFIIK replicons were detected among isolates in each of the major CCs. Good concordance was observed between semi-automated-rep PCR genotyping and MLST.
Subject(s)
Cross Infection/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Klebsiella Infections/epidemiology , Klebsiella Infections/microbiology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Genotyping Techniques , Greece/epidemiology , History, 21st Century , Humans , Klebsiella pneumoniae/classification , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Plasmids , SerotypingABSTRACT
The ethanolic extract of Leucas aspera root was subjected to acetic acid induced writhing inhibition, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and brine shrimp lethality bioassay for screening of antinociceptive, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity, respectively. The extract produced significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid induced writhing in mice at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. The extract showed a significant free radical scavenging activity with an IC(50) of 8 microg/ml. The extract showed significant lethality to brine shrimp with an LC(50) value.
Subject(s)
Analgesics/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Lamiaceae , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Animals , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Artemia/drug effects , Biphenyl Compounds , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Male , Mice , Picrates/chemistry , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Plant RootsABSTRACT
A methanolic extract of Ravenia spectabilis, an isolated alkaloid, arborinine plus a fraction comprising arborinine and gamma-fagarine (VLC), showed mild to significant in vitro antibacterial activity. In a brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the extract and the fraction were found to exhibit moderate cytotoxicity having LC50 of 76.26 microg/ml and 14.98 microg/ml, respectively.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Rutaceae , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Artemia/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Humans , Lethal Dose 50 , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Plant StemsABSTRACT
The cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of Wedelia calendulacea were assayed by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and standardized disk diffusion method against 19 bacterial strains. Three diterpenes isolated from the plant were also evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activities. The LC50 for the crude extracts against the brine shrimp nauplii were found to be 4.59 microg/ml, 7.99 microg/ml and 14.88 microg/ml, respectively, whereas the positive control, vincristine sulfate showed an LC50 of 0.58 microg/ml. Among the crude extracts and pure compounds tested, (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid isolated from the chloroform extract showed the highest inhibitory activity against most of the bacterial strains with mean zone of inhibition of 10-21 mm at 200 microg/disc.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Wedelia , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use , Artemia/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Humans , Lethal Dose 50 , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Phytochemical investigation of a petroleum ether extract of Melicope indica afforded two unusual pentacyclic triterpenes viz. neohop-13(18)-en-3alpha-ol (1) and fern-8(9)-en-3beta-ol (2) and the ubiquitous steroids, stigmasterol and sitosterol. The structures of 1 and 2 were independently elucidated on the basis of 2D NMR data and confirmed by comparison with those of related compounds. While compound 1 is a new natural product, this is the first report of occurrence of fern-8(9)-en-3beta-ol (2) from the genus Melicope.
Subject(s)
Rutaceae/chemistry , Triterpenes/analysis , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Plant Leaves/chemistryABSTRACT
In a bioassay guided phytochemical investigation of Toona ciliata (Fam. Meliaceae), a new hydroxy steroidal ketone, 12alpha-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (1) was isolated from the petroleum ether extract of the plant together with two known steroids and three C-methyl coumarins. The structure of 1 was established by means of spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 was found cytotoxic in a brine shrimp lethality bioassay with LC50 of 9.9 microg/ml and it also showed significant antitumor activity with Ti50 value of 14.1 microg/ml in a potato disc bioassay.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry , Cedrela/chemistry , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Steroids/chemistry , Stigmasterol/chemistry , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Artemia , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , India , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Spectrometry , Spectrophotometry, Infrared , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Steroids/isolation & purification , Steroids/pharmacology , Stigmasterol/analogs & derivatives , Stigmasterol/isolation & purification , Stigmasterol/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The extracts as well as piperolactum C, goniopedaline, 6beta-hydroxystigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one and a mixture of cis- and trans-4-hydroxymelleins obtained from Uvaria hamiltonii stem bark exhibited mild to moderate in vitro antibacterial activity. The results obtained were compared with a standard antibiotic, kanamycin. In a brine shrimp lethality bioassay the pet-ether, dichloromethane, methanol extracts and a major alkaloid, piperolactum C were found to exhibit mild to moderate cytotoxicity.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Uvaria , Animals , Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Artemia/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Kanamycin/pharmacology , Lethal Dose 50 , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Bark , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Clausena heptaphylla afforded a new coumarin, lunamarin C (1). Its structure was determined by extensive analysis of spectral data, including 2D NMR and by comparison with structurally related compounds, lunamarins A (2) and B (3).
Subject(s)
Coumarins/chemistry , Rutaceae/chemistry , Terpenes/chemistry , Coumarins/isolation & purification , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Terpenes/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
The antibacterial activity of different crude extracts of Clausena heptaphylla leaves as well as three purified coumarins, obtained from the cold methanol extract, is reported.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Coumarins/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Plants, Medicinal , Rosales , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant LeavesABSTRACT
The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Barringtonia racemosa roots, its chloroform soluble fraction and, a there from an isolated clerodane diterpenoid is reported.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal , Diterpenes/pharmacology , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant RootsABSTRACT
3,5-Dimethoxy-4-geranyloxycinnamyl alcohol (1), 8-methoxy-N-methylflindersine (2), xanthyletin and sesamin have been isolated from petroleum ether extract of the stem bark of Zanthoxylum rhesta. The petroleum ether extract and 8-methoxy-N-methylflindersine showed cytotoxicity on brine shrimp nauplii.
Subject(s)
Artemia/drug effects , Coumarins/toxicity , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Pyrans/toxicity , Quinolones/toxicity , Animals , Coumarins/chemistry , Dioxoles/toxicity , Humans , Lignans/toxicity , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Stems/chemistryABSTRACT
An ethanolic extract of the roots of Barringtonia racemosa afforded two novel neo-clerodane-type diterpenoids, methyl-15, 16-epoxy-12-oxo-3,13(16),14-neo-clerodatrien-18, 19-olide-17-carboxylate (nasimalun A, 1) and dimethyl-15,16-epoxy-3, 13(16),14-neo-clerodatrien-17,18-dicarboxylate (17-carboxymethylhardwickiic acid methyl ester, nasimalun B, 2) by NMR and MS analyses and by comparison of their spectral data with related compunds. The relative stereochemistry of the asymmetric centers in 1 and 2 was determined by selective 1D NOESY experiments.
Subject(s)
Diterpenes/isolation & purification , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Diterpenes/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Spectrum AnalysisABSTRACT
Goniothalamusin and two mixtures, acetogenins-A and acetogenins-B, isolated from a petroleum ether extract of the stem bark of Miliusa velutina exhibited significant antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Artemia/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Magnoliopsida , Plants, Medicinal , Alkynes/pharmacology , Animals , Furans/pharmacology , Humans , Lactones/pharmacology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant StemsABSTRACT
The isolation and NMR spectral data of epifriedelanol from Vitis trifolia are reported. It demonstrated antitumor activity in a potato disc bioassay.
Subject(s)
Agrobacterium tumefaciens/drug effects , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Magnoliopsida , Oleanolic Acid/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , Oleanolic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Plant Tumors , Solanum tuberosumABSTRACT
Two new cardenolides, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-carda-14(15), 20(22)-dienolide (beta-anhydroepidigitoxigenin) (1) and 3beta-O-(D-digitalosyl)-21-hydroxy-5beta-carda-8,14,16 , 20(22)-tetraenolide (neriumogenin-A-3beta-D-digitaloside) (2), and two known compounds, proceragenin and neridienone A (3), have been isolated from the roots of Nerium oleander. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of spectral data interpretation.
