Subject(s)
Hypertension/complications , Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic/etiology , Adult , Fundus Oculi , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To assess the inter-observer agreement of the measurement of optic disc dimensions by two observers using a modified 60 dioptre (D) fundus examination lens. METHOD: The vertical disc and cup diameters of 29 eyes were measured by two independent observers using a 60 D lens modified by incorporation of a 0.1 millimetre scale graticule. The vertical cup/disc ratio was calculated. Inter-observer agreement was assessed by calculation of the inter-observer differences and by the weighted kappa statistic. RESULTS: The two observers showed good agreement for the measurement of disc diameter (mean difference -0.04; range -0.04, 0.2) and for cup diameter (mean difference -0.03; range 0.3, 0.2). Closer agreement for the vertical cup/disc ratio was achieved (mean kappa 0.96; 95% confidence limits 0.90, 1.0). The 95% confidence limit for the mean inter-observer difference in cup/disc ratio was 0.11, suggesting that a change of > 0.1 in the assessment of the cup/disc ratio by this technique is significant at the 5% level. CONCLUSION: High inter-observer agreement of optic disc measurement can be achieved with this technique. The method has the potential to improve the clinical evaluation of the optic disc and the precision and accuracy of the clinical measurement of other fundal structures.
Subject(s)
Lenses , Optic Disk/anatomy & histology , Equipment Design , Glaucoma/pathology , Humans , Observer Variation , Ophthalmology/instrumentation , Optic Disk/pathologySubject(s)
Candidiasis/etiology , Endophthalmitis/microbiology , Eye Infections, Fungal/etiology , Job Syndrome/complications , Adult , Amphotericin B/therapeutic use , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Candida albicans/isolation & purification , Candidiasis/drug therapy , Chorioretinitis/drug therapy , Chorioretinitis/microbiology , Drug Therapy, Combination , Endophthalmitis/drug therapy , Eye Infections, Fungal/drug therapy , Female , Fluconazole/therapeutic use , Fundus Oculi , Humans , Vitreous Body/microbiologyABSTRACT
Three cases of traumatic retinal angiopathy associated with whiplash injury are presented. The pathogenesis of the fundal appearances is discussed. Local microcirculatory disturbances are postulated as the cause of the retinopathy as opposed to the systemic disturbance associated with Purtscher's retinopathy. This condition may be underdiagnosed as there may be few abnormal signs on funduscopy. Fluorescein angiography may be very helpful. The incidence may be increasing as a result of legislation concerning the wearing of seat belts, and the condition has medico-legal significance. Increasing awareness may increase diagnosis.
