Subject(s)
Brain/growth & development , Fatty Acids, Essential/metabolism , Lactation , Pregnancy , Adult , Aging , Animals , Brain/embryology , Dietary Fats , Energy Metabolism , Female , Humans , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Essential fatty acid (EFA) restriction has been found to inhibit the action of vitamin D on the active transport of calcium in the intestine. This inhibition suggests EFAs are involved in facilitating the active transport of calcium across the mucosal membrane.
Subject(s)
Calcium/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Essential/pharmacology , Intestinal Absorption/drug effects , Vitamin D Deficiency/metabolism , Animals , Dietary Fats/pharmacology , Indomethacin/pharmacology , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Intestine, Small/drug effects , Intestine, Small/metabolism , RatsSubject(s)
Multiple Sclerosis/diet therapy , Adult , Age Factors , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Child, Preschool , Dietary Fats , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Essential/deficiency , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism , Female , Fetus , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Lactation , Milk, Human/analysis , Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Pregnancy , Prostaglandins/metabolism , RabbitsABSTRACT
The view expressed by Cuthbertson that essential fatty acid needs of human infants have been overestimated is contested. In our view Cuthbertson's assessment of essential fatty acid requirements of infants is too low because 1) consideration of the omega3 fatty acids is omitted; 2) the biological value of long-chain essential fatty acids is wrongly assessed; and 3) the significance of variations in composition of random human milk samples is misunderstood.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids, Essential , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Bottle Feeding , Breast Feeding , Cattle , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated , Female , Humans , Infant , Linoleic Acids , Milk, Human/analysis , Nutritional Requirements , PregnancyABSTRACT
Radioactivity from orally administered radiolabeled dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20 : 3 omega 6) was recovered from the liver, plasma and brain lipid fractions. After administration the fatty acid was metabolized to arachidonic acid, the 22 carbon chain length fatty acid, and was also beta-oxidized. However, 22 hr after administration of [1-14C] 20 : 3 between one-third and one-half of the recovered radioactivity was still associated with dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in the liver and plasma lipid fractions. Orally administered dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid is incorporated into lipid fractions and is, therefore, available in the metabolic pool for PGE1 synthesis.
Subject(s)
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism , Arachidonic Acids/biosynthesis , Brain/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism , Lipids/biosynthesis , Liver/metabolism , 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Cholesterol/biosynthesis , Cholesterol Esters/biosynthesis , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/biosynthesis , Phospholipids/biosynthesis , Rats , Triglycerides/biosynthesisABSTRACT
1. Rats were fed on either a diet deficient in essential fatty acid (EFA) or one supplemented with dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3,n-6) at levels that represented 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% of the dietary energy. 2. Supplementation of the diet of EFA-deficient animals with 20:3,n-6 reversed most of the fatty acid changes induced in the liver phospholipid fraction. 3 The EFA potency of 20:3,n-6 was found to be similar to that of gamma-linolenic acid (18:3,n-6) which has been shown to be higher than that of linoleic acid (18:2,n-6).
Subject(s)
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Essential/deficiency , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism , Liver/metabolism , 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Female , Food, Fortified , Phospholipids/metabolism , RatsABSTRACT
Essential fatty acids not only control blood lipid levels, but are the precursors of prostaglandins responsible for regulation of platelet aggregation. Dietary deficiency of essential fatty acids may play an important role in the development of coronary heart disease, particularly during the early growth period.
Subject(s)
Arteries/metabolism , Coronary Disease/etiology , Fatty Acids, Essential/metabolism , Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Arteries/growth & development , Cattle , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholesterol/blood , Fatty Acids, Essential/deficiency , Fatty Acids, Essential/physiology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Kinetics , Male , Milk, Human , Platelet Aggregation , Prostaglandins/metabolism , Prostaglandins/physiology , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
1. Essential fatty acid-deficient rats were fed gamma-linolenic acid (18: 3omega6) at 2% dietary energy and alpha-linolenic acid (18: 3omega3) at 0, 1-6, 2-8 and 4-0% of the dietary energy. 2. 18: 3omega3 at 1-6% apparently inhibits the synthesis of the C20 and C22 omega6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega6 LC-PUFA) metabolized from 18: 3omega6. 3. However, increasing the dietary levels of 18: 3omega3 from 1-6 to 4-0% has no further influence. 4. The results suggest that dietary 18: 3omega6 is an efficent precursor for the omega6 LC-PUFA synthesis even in the presence of 18: 3omega3.
Subject(s)
Linolenic Acids/metabolism , Liver/metabolism , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids, Essential/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/biosynthesis , Female , Glycerophosphates/metabolism , Linoleic Acids/administration & dosage , RatsABSTRACT
Female rats were weaned and fed a semipurified diet lacking in essential fatty acids. After 160 days, the deficient diet was supplemented with varying amounts of gamma-linolenic acid. Changes in body weight and feed efficiency were measured. Total liver phospholipid fatty acids were also analyzed. Supplementation with gamma-linolenic acid to the deficient diet for 7 days led to improvements in body weight and feed efficiency of the deficient rats. The liver phospholipid fatty acid composition returned to a normal pattern. There was a reduction of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid and an increase in the arachidonic acid. Thus, there was a fall in the triene: tetraene ratio with increasing dietary supplementation of gamma-linolenic acid. The essential fatty acid potency, the minimum dietary requirement for this fatty acid, and the widely accepted levels of the minimum requirements of dietary essential fatty acids are discussed.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids, Essential/deficiency , Linolenic Acids/metabolism , Liver/metabolism , Animals , Body Weight , Diet , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Female , Lipids , Liver/anatomy & histology , Nutritional Requirements , Organ Size , Phospholipids/metabolism , RatsABSTRACT
In vivo administration of 1-14C-linoleic acid to domestic cats demonstrated that these animals are unable to convert this essential fatty acid to its physiologically active metabolities. This experiment confirms the absence of both the delta6 and delta8 desaturases in the cat, and suggests that this species has a dietary requirement for polyunsaturated fatty acids of animal origin.
Subject(s)
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Cats/metabolism , Linoleic Acids/metabolism , Animals , Fatty Acids/blood , Lipids/blood , Male , Nutritional RequirementsSubject(s)
Fatty Acids, Essential/metabolism , Fetus/metabolism , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Infant, Newborn , Animals , Cattle , Female , Humans , PregnancyABSTRACT
The fetal brain accumulates long-chain (C20 and 22) polyunsaturated fatty acids--arachidonic and docosahexaenoic--during cell division. De-novo synthesis of these acids does not occur and they are thought to be either directly derived from food or by metabolism from linoleic and linolenic acids, respectively. Administration of isotopically labelled linoleic and linolenic acids to pregnant guineapigs showed that only a small proportion of the label was converted to their respective long-chain polyunsaturated derivatives in the maternal liver. The proportion was increased within the phospholipids (structural lipids) by what appeared to be amultiple processing system which increased chain length and degree of polyunsaturation from maternal liver to placenta, fetal liver, and to fetal brain. Observations in man suggest a similar trend. The porportion of long-chain polyunsaturated acids increased in the phospholipids from maternal blood, cord blood, fetal liver, and fetal brain. These data show that the placenta and fetus are radically modifying the maternal phospholipids so as to achieve the high proportions of the C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the structural lipids of the developing brain.