The proposed hybrid deep learning intrusion prediction IoT (HDLIP-IoT) framework.

Throughout the past few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has grown in popularity because of its ease of use and flexibility. Cyber criminals are interested in IoT because it offers a variety of benefits for users, but it still poses many types of threats. The most common form of attack against IoT is Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). The growth of preventive processes against DDoS attacks has prompted IoT professionals and security experts to focus on this topic. Due to the increasing prevalence of DDoS attacks, some methods for distinguishing different types of DDoS attacks based on individual network features have become hard to implement. Additionally, monitoring traffic pattern changes and detecting DDoS attacks with accuracy are urgent and necessary. In this paper, using Modified Whale Optimization Algorithm (MWOA) feature extraction and Hybrid Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), shown that DDoS attack detection methods can be developed and tested on various datasets. The MWOA technique, which is used to optimize the weights of the LSTM neural network to reduce prediction errors in the hybrid LSTM algorithm, is used. Additionally, MWOA can optimally extract IP packet features and identify DDoS attacks with the support of MWOA-LSTM model. The proposed MWOA-LSTM framework outperforms standard support vector machines (SVM) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) as well as standard methods for detecting attacks based on precision, recall and accuracy measurements.

The effect of post-operative NSAID administration on bone healing after elective foot and ankle surgery.

BACKGROUND: Post-operative pain is a common concern following elective foot and ankle surgery. NSAIDs used for pain relief have led to bone-healing complications in animal models and in vitro studies. This retrospective study examined the rate of bone-healing complications in post-surgical patients using NSAIDs. METHODS: Participants underwent elective foot surgeries between January 2016 and May 2018. Radiographs were used to identify bony nonunion at osteotomy sites 12 weeks post-surgery. RESULTS: Two-hundred thirty-two patients were evaluated; 59 (25.43%) were prescribed ibuprofen, 62 (27%) ketorolac, 15 (6.47%) acetaminophen, and 92 (40%) hydrocodone-acetaminophen. Two-hundred and twelve (91.38%) patients exhibited radiographic evidence of osseous union at 12 weeks and 20 (8.62%) had radiographic evidence of non-union of the osteotomy sites. There was no significant relationship between NSAID use and osseous non-union (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term use of oral ibuprofen and ketorolac in the post-operative period was not associated with bony non-union.

Association of Aspirin Use With Postoperative Hematoma and Bleeding Complications in Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Retrospective Study.

Discontinuation of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 3 to 5 days before elective or nonelective foot and ankle surgery has been recommended, as its continued use during the perioperative period may result in complications; however, data supporting this are limited. In this study, we evaluated the incidence of postoperative bleeding, hematoma formation, and wound dehiscence after perioperative aspirin ingestion before foot and ankle surgery. The medical records of 379 patients treated over a 3-year period were reviewed. Patient demographics, surgical procedures, affected limbs (right foot versus left foot), anatomical surgical sites (forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot), and week 2 surgical site inspection data were recorded. Mean patient age was 60.12 (range 21 to 81) years, and the overall wound complication rate was 0.80%. The patients were classified into 2 groups: those who took 81 mg of aspirin preoperatively (n = 238, 62.80%) and those who did not (n = 141, 37.20%). Of the 3 patients who developed postoperative bleeding complications, 2 were taking aspirin and 1 was not. Patients taking aspirin had similar wound complication and healing rates as those not taking aspirin. Postoperative hematomas were evacuated in the clinic under sterile conditions and healed by secondary intention. Perioperative aspirin use appears to be safe and effective in foot and ankle surgery, and patients taking aspirin had good surgical outcomes with minimal postoperative complications.

Intraluminal capillary hemangioma of the foot presenting clinically as a neuroma: A case report.

Capillary hemangiomas are rarely seen in the foot, especially in the deeper soft tissue compartment. If left untreated, they can give rise to benign soft-tissue tumors. A rare case of a capillary hemangioma on the right dorsal medial midfoot that, because of its location adjacent to the saphenous nerve, mimicked the signs and symptoms of a neuroma. In addition, the patient had a history of previous surgery for neuroma excision at the same location. Despite the strong suggestion of another recurrence of a neuroma, a careful workup, including the use of MRI and multidisciplinary consultation was implemented to rule out a possible malignancy. Its nature was confirmed by careful biopsy and histopathological findings prior to surgical resection. This case illustrates how a benign vascular lesion could elicit nerve-related pain in the foot and should be distinguished from malignant tumors, such as soft tissue sarcoma, prior to surgical planning.

Traumatic neuroma of the posterior tibial nerve due to previous surgery presenting as a massive tumor in the midfoot: A case report.

A case report of traumatic neuroma, a benign non-neoplastic tumor of the posterior tibial nerve is presented. The soft tissue mass in the midfoot region was likely a sequela of previous nerve decompression surgery that the patient underwent five years previously in the same region and on the same nerve. Physical examination and history taking, along with an MRI, were important steps in reaching a definitive diagnosis of traumatic neuroma based on the findings of an interventional radiologist and histopathological evaluation of the biopsy by a pathologist. The lesion was subsequently surgically removed utilizing a multidisciplinary management approach. The patient recovered uneventfully and no symptom recurrence was noted at the 30-month follow-up. The tumor was the largest reported in the literature at the time. This case was also unique in that the patient was relieved of pronation and regained tactile sensation in the midfoot.

Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Femoral Nerve Block With Intraoperative Local Anesthetic Injection of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) may impact long-term results and incidence of complications. Femoral nerve block (FNB) provides excellent pain relief after TKA, although associated risks include weakness, delayed participation in therapy, and nerve injury. Liposomal bupivacaine (LB) is a potentially longer acting local anesthetic that may reduce postoperative pain. METHODS: We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind study of 373 TKA patients randomized to receive either an FNB (control group), or an intraoperative periarticular injection (PAI) with LB and a placebo saline FNB (experimental group). Patients were evaluated with visual analog scores for pain, range of motion, performance of straight leg raise (SLR), walking distance, and Short Form-12 up to 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: Twelve and 24 hours postoperatively, the control group had significantly lower pain scores (mean 3.24 vs 3.87; P = .02) and higher range of motion (84.54° vs 78°; P < .001). The patients receiving LB PAI were significantly more likely to perform a straight leg raise 12 hours postoperatively (73% vs 50%; P = .0003). Patients in the LB (experimental) group scored better in the physical function component of the Short Form-12 (-23 vs -27, P = .01) 3 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: While pain scores were slightly lower in the control group in the first 24 hours after TKA compared with LB PAI, the magnitude of the difference was small, and excellent pain relief was provided by both interventions. Use of LB PAI in TKA is a reasonable alternative to FNB, which avoids the additional weakness and other risk associated with FNB procedures.

Predominance and geo-mapping of avian influenza H5N1 in poultry sectors in Egypt.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the H5N1 subtype has been enzootic in the Egyptian poultry with significant human infections since 2008. This work evaluates the epidemiological and virological information from February 2006 to May 2015 in spatial and temporal terms. Only data with confirmed HPAI H5N1 sub-type were collected, and matched with the epidemiological data from various spatially and temporally-dispersed surveillances implemented between 2006 and 2015. Spatio-temporal analysis was conducted on a total of 3338 confirmed H5N1 HPAI poultry disease outbreaks and outputs described based on transmission patterns, poultry species, production types affected, trade, geographic and temporal distributions in Egypt. The H5N1 virus persists in the Egyptian poultry displaying a seasonal pattern with peak prevalence between January and March. There was no specific geographic pattern, but chickens and ducks were more affected. However, relatively higher disease incidences were recorded in the Nile Delta. Phylogenetic studies of the haemagglutinin gene sequences of H5N1 viruses indicated that multiple clusters circulated between 2006 and 2015, with significant deviations in circulation. Epidemiological dynamics of HPAI has changed with the origins of majority of outbreaks shifted to household poultry. The persistence of HPAI H5N1 in poultry with recurrent and sporadic infections in humans can influence virus evolution spatio-temporally. Household poultry plays significant roles in the H5N1 virus transmission to poultry and humans, but the role of commercial poultry needs further clarifications. While poultry trading supports the persistence and transmission of H5N1, the role of individual species may warrant further investigation. Surveillance activities, applying a multi-sectoral approach, are recommended.

Protective Efficacy of Recombinant Turkey Herpes Virus (rHVT-H5) and Inactivated H5N1 Vaccines in Commercial Mulard Ducks against the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Clade 2.2.1 Virus.

In Egypt, ducks kept for commercial purposes constitute the second highest poultry population, at 150 million ducks/year. Hence, ducks play an important role in the introduction and transmission of avian influenza (AI) in the Egyptian poultry population. Attempts to control outbreaks include the use of vaccines, which have varying levels of efficacy and failure. To date, the effects of vaccine efficacy has rarely been determined in ducks. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a live recombinant vector vaccine based on a turkey Herpes Virus (HVT) expressing the H5 gene from a clade 2.2 H5N1 HPAIV strain (A/Swan/Hungary/499/2006) (rHVT-H5) and a bivalent inactivated H5N1 vaccine prepared from clade 2.2.1 and 2.2.1.1 H5N1 seeds in Mulard ducks. A 0.3ml/dose subcutaneous injection of rHVT-H5 vaccine was administered to one-day-old ducklings (D1) and another 0.5ml/dose subcutaneous injection of the inactivated MEFLUVAC was administered at 7 days (D7). Four separate challenge experiments were conducted at Days 21, 28, 35 and 42, in which all the vaccinated ducks were challenged with 106EID50/duck of H5N1 HPAI virus (A/chicken/Egypt/128s/2012(H5N1) (clade 2.2.1) via intranasal inoculation. Maternal-derived antibody regression and post-vaccination antibody immune responses were monitored weekly. Ducks vaccinated at 21, 28, 35 and 42 days with the rHVT-H5 and MEFLUVAC vaccines were protected against mortality (80%, 80%, 90% and 90%) and (50%, 70%, 80% and 90%) respectively, against challenges with the H5N1 HPAI virus. The amount of viral shedding and shedding rates were lower in the rHVT-H5 vaccine groups than in the MEFLUVAC groups only in the first two challenge experiments. However, the non-vaccinated groups shed significantly more of the virus than the vaccinated groups. Both rHVT-H5 and MEFLUVAC provide early protection, and rHVT-H5 vaccine in particular provides protection against HPAI challenge.

Phylodynamics of avian influenza clade 2.2.1 H5N1 viruses in Egypt.

BACKGROUND: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype are widely distributed within poultry populations in Egypt and have caused multiple human infections. Linking the epidemiological and sequence data is important to understand the transmission, persistence and evolution of the virus. This work describes the phylogenetic dynamics of H5N1 based on molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of isolates collected from February 2006 to May 2014. METHODS: Full-length HA sequences of 368 H5N1 viruses were generated and were genetically analysed to study their genetic evolution. They were collected from different poultry species, production sectors, and geographic locations in Egypt. The Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (BMCMC) method was applied to estimate the evolutionary rates among different virus clusters; additionally, an analysis of selection pressures in the HA gene was performed using the Single Likelihood Ancestor Counting (SLAC) method. RESULTS: The phylogenetic analysis of the H5 gene from 2006-14 indicated the presence of one virus introduction of the classic clade (2.2.1) from which two main subgroups were originated, the variant subgroup which was further subdivided into 2 sub-divisions (2.2.1.1 and 2.2.1.1a) and the endemic subgroup (2.2.1.2). The clade 2.2.1.2 showed a high evolution rate over a period of 6 years (6.9 × 10(-3) sub/site/year) in comparison to the 2.2.1.1a variant cluster (7.2 × 10(-3) over a period of 4 years). Those two clusters are under positive selection as they possess 5 distinct positively selected sites in the HA gene. The mutations at 120, 154, and 162 HA antigenic sites and the other two mutations (129∆, I151T) that occurred from 2009-14 were found to be stable in the 2.2.1.2 clade. Additionally, 13 groups of H5N1 HPAI viruses were identified based on their amino acid sequences at the cleavage site and "EKRRKKR" became the dominant pattern beginning in 2013. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous evolution of H5N1 HPAI viruses in Egypt has been observed in all poultry farming and production systems in almost all regions of the country. The wide circulation of the 2.2.1.2 clade carrying triple mutations (120, 129∆, I151T) associated with increased binding affinity to human receptors is an alarming finding of public health importance.

Comparison of the effectiveness of rHVT-H5, inactivated H5 and rHVT-H5 with inactivated H5 prime/boost vaccination regimes in commercial broiler chickens carrying MDAs against HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2.1 virus.

Vaccination is the main tool implemented in Egypt since 2007 to control H5N1 avian influenza. The present study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of three avian influenza vaccination regimes in commercial broiler chickens carrying high levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs). Day-old chicks were divided into four experimental groups. Group I received only the rHVT-H5 vaccine (recombinant turkey herpesvirus (HVT) which carries a H5 clade 2.2 insert) administered at D1. Group II received only the KV-H5 (an oil emulsion killed vaccine prepared from reassortant HPAI virus (A/duck/Anhui/1/06)) vaccine (inactivated reverse genetic H5N1 clade 2.3.4 virus) administered at D8. Group III received rHVT-H5 and KV-H5 as prime/boost. Group IV served as unvaccinated control. Weekly serological monitoring was conducted using the haemagglutination inhibition test. Two challenge experiments were conducted at D28 and D35 using HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2.1 virus. Birds were monitored daily 14 days post-challenge for morbidity and mortality, and oropharyngeal swabs were collected for virological monitoring. Initially, day-old chicks had high mean MDA titres (9 + 0.9 log2). The MDA half-life was >7 and <7 days, respectively, for unvaccinated and vaccinated birds. Group III showed the highest post-vaccination humoral immune response and seroconversion rate. The highest protection rate against morbidity (80-90%) and mortality (90-90%) was obtained in Group III after challenge at D28 and D35, respectively, as compared to Group I (70-70%) and (80-90%) and Group II (0-0%) and (30-30%). Groups I and III had lower number of shedder birds. The vaccination regime with prime/boost conferred the highest and earliest protection, and can hence be recommended for the broiler production sector in endemic and high HPAI H5N1 challenge areas.

Evaluation of two commercial lateral flow devices (LFDs) used for flockside testing of H5N1 highly-pathogenic avian influenza infections in backyard gallinaceous poultry in Egypt.

Quickvue and Anigen lateral flow devices (LFDs) were evaluated for detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infections in Egyptian poultry. Sixty five chickens and two turkeys were sampled in eight flocks where H5N1 HPAI infection was suspected. Swabs (tracheal and cloacal) and feathers were collected from each bird for flockside testing by the two LFDs. The same clinical specimens were transported for laboratory testing by M gene RRT PCR where a positive result by this "gold standard" test for one or both swabs from a given bird indicated infection at the bird level, showing 57 birds (including 15 carcassess) to be truly AI infected. Among these 57, similar bird-level LFD testing of swabs showed 43 and 44 to be AI infected by Quickvue and Anigen LFDs, respectively. Nine birds were AI negative by M gene RRT PCR and both LFDs, and one was M gene RRT PCR negative but positive by both LFDs, suggesting one false positive LFD result. Sensitivities of the LFDs relative to M gene RRT PCR were 77.2% for Anigen and 75.4% for Quickvue tests, with 90.0% specificity for both. By including feathers with swabs for LFD testing, the number of LFD positives among 57 infected birds increased by four to 48 by Anigen and 47 by Quickvue, increasing the sensitivity of the LFDs to 84.2% and 82.5% for Anigen and Quickvue, respectively. Although LFD sensitivity cannot compare to the high sensitivity displayed by validated AI RRT PCRs, they may be utilised for flockside testing of birds infected with HPAI at the peak of viral shedding, when birds are displaying advanced clinical signs or sampled as fresh carcasses. Swabs are classic field specimens collected from outbreaks, but inclusion of feathers from birds infected with H5N1 HPAI increased LFD sensitivity. However, the LFD false positive observation emphasises the importance of returning samples for confirmatory laboratory testing.