ABSTRACT
AIM: To determine the genetic basis and types of beta-lactamase encountered among enterobacterial isolates of wild pets from the animal exhibit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 17 beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria recovered from fecal samples of wild pet animals were analyzed for a selected beta-lactamase gene by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Molecular analysis identified one or more ß-lactamase-encoding genes in 14 enterobacterial isolates as a single or gene combination. The most frequent extended-spectrum ß-lactamases types were TEM and CTX-M, and the most common AmpC enzymes were CMY-2 and DHA types. CONCLUSIONS: The study is the first in Saudi Arabia, have established the presence of ß-lactamase-encoding genes in the fecal isolates of wild pets.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to describe the bacterial load and the occurrence of some disease-causing enteric bacteria on raw vegetables sold in Saudi markets. The study further aimed to analyze antibiotic resistance rates, production of extended-spectrum beta lactamase, and plasmid carriage among bacterial population of raw vegetables. Results revealed that none of them contained Bacillus cereus, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. However, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella were detected in 11.8% and 4.4% of the samples, respectively. The bacterial loads ranged from 3 to 8 log(10) CFUg(-1) for aerobic bacteria and 1 to 4 log(10) CFUg(-1) for coliforms as well as Enterobacteriaceae. The isolates exhibited resistance in decreasing order for ampicillin (76.5%), cephalothin (69.5%), trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole (36.7%), aminoglycosides (21.9%), tetracycline (17.2%), fluoroquinolones (17.2%), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (13.3%), and chloramphenicol (7.8%). Maximum resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics occurred in 14.8% of isolates and the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase was achieved by 2.3% of isolates. Multiple resistances to four or more antimicrobial agents along with plasmid with varied sizes were documented. These investigations indicate the occurrence of antibiotic resistance and plasmid carriage among bacterial isolates populating raw vegetables.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Fruit/microbiology , Vegetables/microbiology , Bacterial Load , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Enterobacteriaceae/classification , Enterobacteriaceae/metabolism , Fruit/economics , Molecular Typing , Molecular Weight , Plasmids/chemistry , Plasmids/metabolism , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Saudi Arabia , Shigella/classification , Shigella/drug effects , Shigella/isolation & purification , Shigella/metabolism , Staphylococcus aureus/classification , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism , Substrate Specificity , Vegetables/economics , beta-Lactamases/metabolismABSTRACT
The present study was carried out to screen and analyze the genetic characteristics of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from chicken meat marketed in the local markets of the Taif region in Saudi Arabia. A total of 119 samples were purchased from various supermarkets and examined for bacterial contamination with resistant E. coli. Thirty-seven E. coli isolates were evaluated for their antibiotic susceptibilities and the presence of class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance genes. Results of antibiograms revealed that E. coli isolates were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics tested. Resistance was most frequently observed against sulphafurazole (89.2%), ampicillin (78.4%), nalidixic acid (70.3%), streptomycin (48.6%), chloramphenicol (32.4%), and gentamicin (24.3%). Fifteen E. coli strains have multidrug resistance phenotypes and harbored at least three antibiotic resistance genes. The bla(TEM) (beta-lactamase) and sul (sulfonamide) resistance encoding genes were detected in all the tested isolates. Polymerase chain reaction screening detected class 1 integrons in all multiresistant E. coli isolates. The present study provides an assessment of the occurrence of multidrug resistance of E. coli from raw chicken meat collected from local markets.
