ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To examine the association between near work, screen time including TV and outdoor time with myopia in children from the Sunflower Myopia Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium (AEEC). METHODS: We analysed AEEC cross-sectional data (12 241 children) on risk factors (near work, screen time including TV and outdoor time) and myopia of six population-based studies (China, Hong Kong and Singapore). Cycloplegic refraction and axial length (AL) measurements were included. Risk factors were determined using questionnaires. Data were pooled from each study, and multivariable regression analysis was performed to evaluate the associations between risks factors and myopia, spherical equivalent (SE) and AL. RESULTS: Among the included children, 52.1% were boys, 98.1% were Chinese and 69.7% lived in urban areas. Mean±standard deviation (SD) for age was 8.8 ± 2.9 years, for SE was -0.14 ± 1.8 D and for AL was 23.3 ± 1.1 mm. Myopia prevalence was 30.6%. In multivariate analysis, more reading and writing (OR = 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11-1.24), more total near work (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09) and less outdoor time (OR = 0.82, 95% CI, 0.75-0.88) were associated with myopia (p's < 0.05). These factors were similarly associated with SE and AL (p's < 0.05), except for total near work and AL (p = 0.15). Screen time including TV was not significantly associated with myopia (p = 0.49), SE (p = 0.49) or AL (p = 0.83). CONCLUSION: In this study, increased reading and writing and decreased outdoor time were associated with myopia. Screen time may be a surrogate factor of near work or outdoor time, but further research is needed to assess its role as an independent risk factor for myopia.
Subject(s)
Helianthus , Myopia , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Male , Myopia/epidemiology , Myopia/etiology , Prevalence , Refraction, Ocular , Risk Factors , Screen TimeABSTRACT
Purpose: To determine the agreement and validity of keratometric measurements in children with the Nidek ARK-510A auto-refractokeratometer compared to rotating Scheimpflug imaging with Pentacam and biograph with Lenstar LS 900. Methods: This study was conducted on 5620 schoolchildren aged 6-12 years in Shahroud, Iran. Minimum and maximum keratometry values and corneal astigmatism magnitude were compared by calculation of Paired difference, interclass correlation coefficient, and 95% limits of agreement (LoA) between devices. Results: After applying the exclusion criteria, 4215 right eyes were enrolled into the study. Mean minimum keratometry with Nidek ARK-510A, Pentacam, and Lenstar was 43.13 ± 1.51, 43.14 ± 1.48, and 42.87 ± 1.46 diopters (D), respectively, and mean maximum keratometry was 43.97 ± 1.59, 44.00 ± 1.56, and 43.75 ± 1.54D, respectively. Nidek ARK-510A overestimated minimum and maximum keratometry by 0.25 ± 0.37 and 0.22 ± 0.41, respectively, compared to Penatcam. The LoA between Nidek ARK-510A and Pentacam for minimum and maximum keratometry measurements were -0.98 to 0.47D and −1.02 to 0.57D, respectively. The LoA between Nidek ARK-510A and Lenstar for minimum and maximum keratometry measurements were -0.70 to 0.72D and -0.79 to 0.85D, respectively. The agreement between devices was best in emmetropes, worst in hyperopes. For astigmatic vector components, the agreements between devices were poor but best agreement was between Nidek ARK-510A and Pentacam. Conclusions: Keratometry measurement with Nidek ARK-510A was not significantly different from Pentacam and Lenstar, and this device can be used in screening programs in emmetropes
Objetivo: Determinar la concordancia y validez de las mediciones queratométricas en niños con el autorefractoqueratómetro Nidek ARK-510A, comparadas con las imágenes de Scheimpflug con Pentacam y el biómetro Lenstar LS 900. Métodos: Este estudio se realizó en 5.620 niños, de edades comprendidas entre 6 y 12 años, en Shahroud, Irán. Se compararon los valores queratométricos mínimo y máximo y la magnitud del astigmatismo corneal mediante cálculo de diferencia pareada, coeficiente de correlación inter-clase, y límites de comcordancia del 95% (LoA) entre dispositivos. Resultados: Tras aplicar los criterios de exclusión, se incluyeron 4.215 ojos derechos en el estudio. Los valores de queratometría mínima media con Nidek ARK-510A, Pentacam y Lenstar fueron de 43,13 ± 1,51, 43,14 ± 1,48, y 42,87 ± 1,46 dioptrías (D), respectivamente, siendo los valores de queratometría máxima media de 43,97 ± 1,59, 44 ± 1,56, y 43,75 ± 1,54 D, respectivamente. Nidek ARK-510A sobre-estimó la queratometría mínima y máxima en 0,25 ± 0,37 y 0,22 ± 0,41, respectivamente, en comparación con Penatcam. El LoA entre Nidek ARK-510A y Pentacam para las mediciones de queratometría mínima y máxima fue de -0,98 a 0,47 D y -1,02 a 0,57 D, respectivamente. El LoA entre Nidek ARK-510A y Lenstar para las mediciones de queratometría mínima y máxima fue de -0,7 a 0,72 D y -0,79 a 0,85 D, respectivamente. El acuerdo entre dispositivos fue mejor en emétropes, y peor en hipermétropes. Para los componentes del vector astigmático, los acuerdos entre dispositivos fueron débiles, aunque existió una mejor concordancia entre Nidek ARK-510A y Pentacam. Conclusiones: La medición de la queratometría realizada con Nidek ARK-510A no fue significativamente diferente a la realizada con Pentacam y Lenstar, pudiendo utilizarse este dispositivo en los programas de chequeo en emétropes
