ABSTRACT
Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme which is widely distributed in different organisms and plays an important role in the melanogenesis and enzymatic browning. Therefore, its inhibitors can be attractive in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agents and also in food and agriculture industries as antibrowning compounds. For this purpose, many natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have been developed by different screening methods to date. This review has focused on the tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from all sources and biochemically characterised in the last four decades.
Subject(s)
Chalcone/pharmacology , Coumarins/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Monophenol Monooxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors , Resveratrol/pharmacology , Agaricales/enzymology , Animals , Chalcone/chemistry , Coumarins/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Flavonoids/chemistry , Humans , Monophenol Monooxygenase/metabolism , Resveratrol/chemistryABSTRACT
A series of benzoic acid derivatives 1-10 have been synthesised by two different methods. Compounds 1-6 were synthesised by a facile procedure for esterification using N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a coupling agent, methylene chloride as a solvent system and dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). While 7-10 were synthesised by converting benzoic acid into benzoyl chloride by treating with thionyl chloride in the presence of benzene and performing a further reaction with amine in dried benzene. The structures of all the synthesised derivatives of benzoic acid (1-10) were assigned on the basis of extensive NMR studies. All of them showed inhibitory potential against tyrosinase. Among them, compound 7 was found to be the most potent (1.09 µM) when compared with the standard tyrosinase inhibitors of kojic acid (16.67 µM) and L-mimosine (3.68 µM). Finally in this paper, we have discussed the structure-activity relationships of the synthesised molecules.
Subject(s)
Benzoates/chemistry , Benzoates/pharmacology , Drug Design , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Monophenol Monooxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors , 4-Aminopyridine/analogs & derivatives , 4-Aminopyridine/chemistry , Benzamides/chemical synthesis , Benzamides/chemistry , Benzamides/pharmacology , Benzoates/chemical synthesis , Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Kinetics , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Identification of phenolic compounds and their derivatives interfering the several steps of the viral life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is focused for the development of novel molecules for the treatment of AIDS. Several phenolic compounds isolated and characterized from natural sources have been studied in detail and found to exhibit inhibitory effects against different steps of the HIV-1 life cycle, including virus-cell fusion and virus absorption, reverse transcription, integration (IN) and proteolytic cleavage. In the review, we are summarizing some strong evidences demonstrating several phenolic molecules and their derivatives from natural sources display promising anti-HIV-1 activities. The anti-HIV compounds have been organized in this review according to their mechanism of action in the life cycle of HIV. We also mentioned some findings using in silico approaches, like virtual screening, docking, neural network, etc., and even the chemogenomics and/or functional genomics approaches could be useful for the quick identifying promising new lead anti-HIV molecules without having any other unwanted pharmacological effects. Plants having large amount of phenolic compounds, can be considered as strong sources of molecules for the treatment of HIV-1. Despite the continuous advances made in antiretroviral combination therapy, AIDS has become the leading cause of death in Africa and the fourth worldwide. Today, many research groups are exploring the bio- and chemo-diversity of the plant kingdom to find new and better anti-HIV drugs with novel mechanisms of action.
