Grape Seed Extract Alone or Combined with Atropine in Treatment of Malathion Induced Neuro- and Genotoxicity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of treatment with grape seed extract (GSE) on the neurotoxic and genotoxic effects of acute malathion exposure. Rats received malathion (150 mg/kg by i.p. injection) for two successive days alone or combined with GSE at doses of 150 or 300 mg/kg, orally or with GSE at 300 mg/kg and atropine at a dose of 2 mg/kg, i.p. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide, paraoxonase (PON1) were determined in cortex, striatum, and rest of brain tissue (subcortex). Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities were determined in brain regions. Cytogenetic analyses for chromosomal aberrations in somatic and germ cells, micronucleus test, Comet assay, DNA fragmentation of liver cells and histopathological examination of brain and liver sections were also performed. Malathion resulted in an increase in MDA, nitric oxide; a decrease in GSH and PON1 activity in different brain regions. IL-1ß increased, while BChE activity decreased in brain after the administration of malathion. The insecticide also caused marked structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations and increased liver DNA fragmentation. The Comet assay showed a significant increase in DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes. These effects of malathion were alleviated with the administration of GSE alone or combined with atropine. Addition of atropine to treatment with GSE was associated with significant decrease in MDA, BChE and chromosomal aberrations compared with GSE only treatment. Our data indicate that GSE protects against malathion neurotoxic and genotoxic effects, most likely through reducing brain oxidative stress and inflammatory response.

Effect of natural PAL-enzyme on the quality of egg white and mushroom flour and study its impact on the expression of PKU related genes and phenylalanine reduction in mice fed on.

PKU patients react to therapy with a low phenylalanine diet, but adherence to this diet is troublesome, subsequently the expansion of alternative ways is demand. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is one of this ways, which converts phenylalanine to harmless metabolites; trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia. In the current study, the extraction of PAL enzyme was used to investigate the efficiency for production of functional PKU egg white and mushroom flour with good quality by evaluation of colour characteristics, determination of phenylalanine concentrations and genetic materials expression of PKU related genes and DNA damage. Results indicated that the PAL enzyme treated of egg white and mushroom flour was stable colour and the calculated reduction per cent in phenylalanine concentration from female mice fed on untreated and PAL-treated samples was 22.77% in egg white and 31.37% in mushroom flour. Also, the results revealed that female mice fed on diet contained treated egg white exhibited low expression levels of PKU exons (3, 6, 7, 11, and 12) and low DNA damage which were similar to those in control mice.