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1.
Crim Justice Behav ; 38(7): 710-734, 2011 Jul 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21743757

ABSTRACT

This study of 550 jail inmates (379 male and 171 female) held on felony charges examines the reliability and validity of the Test of Self Conscious Affect -Socially Deviant Version (TOSCA-SD; Hanson & Tangney, 1996) as a measure of offenders' proneness to shame and proneness to guilt. Discriminant validity (e.g., vis-à-vis self-esteem, negative affect, social desirability/impression management) and convergent validity (e.g., vis-à-vis correlations with empathy, externalization of blame, anger, psychological symptoms, and substance use problems) was supported, paralleling results from community samples. Further, proneness to shame and guilt were differentially related to widely used risk measures from the field of criminal justice (e.g., criminal history, psychopathy, violence risk, antisocial personality). Guilt-proneness appears to be a protective factor, whereas there was no evidence that shame-proneness serves an inhibitory function. Subsequent analyses indicate these findings generalize quite well across gender and race. Implications for intervention and sentencing practices are discussed.

2.
Psychol Assess ; 23(1): 174-83, 2011 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21381844

ABSTRACT

The present study examines the predictive and incremental validity of Violence Risk Appraisal Guide scores in a sample of 328 male and 145 female jail inmates held on felony charges. Significant gender differences were observed in VRAG item and total score means, as well as in correlations between the VRAG and concurrent measures of aggression. VRAG scores significantly predicted institutional misconduct during incarceration and recidivism in the first year postrelease for male inmates but not for female inmates. In terms of incremental validity, VRAG scores predicted institutional misconduct and recidivism beyond that accounted for by psychopathy for male inmates but not for female inmates. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.


Subject(s)
Personality Assessment/standards , Prisoners/psychology , Violence/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aggression/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Personality Inventory/standards , Predictive Value of Tests , ROC Curve , Reproducibility of Results , Risk Assessment , Sex Factors , Violence/prevention & control , Young Adult
3.
J Infect Dis ; 203(1): 18-24, 2011 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21148492

ABSTRACT

We describe the first confirmed person-to-person transmission of oseltamivir-resistant pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus that occurred in a hematology unit in the United Kingdom. Eleven cases of (H1N1) 2009 virus infection were identified, of which, ten were related as shown by sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. H275Y analysis demonstrated that 8 of 10 case patients had oseltamivir-resistant virus, with 4 of 8 case patients infected by direct transmission of resistant virus. Zanamivir should be considered as first-line therapy for influenza in patients with lymphopenic hematological conditions and uptake of influenza vaccination encouraged to further reduce the number of susceptible individuals.


Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Viral , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects , Influenza, Human/transmission , Influenza, Human/virology , Oseltamivir/pharmacology , Adult , Aged , Amino Acid Substitution/genetics , Cross Infection/transmission , Cross Infection/virology , Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics , Hospitals , Humans , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Lymphopenia/complications , Middle Aged , Mutation, Missense , Neuraminidase/genetics , RNA, Viral/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , United Kingdom , Viral Proteins/genetics
5.
Pers Individ Dif ; 44(7): 1474-1483, 2008 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21547246

ABSTRACT

The authors examined the association between psychopathy and identification of facial expressions of emotion. Previous research in this area is scant and has produced contradictory findings (Blair et. al., 2001, 2004; Glass & Newman, 2006; Kosson et al., 2002). One hundred and forty-five male jail inmates, rated using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version participated in a facial affect recognition task. Participants were shown faces containing one of five emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, or shame) displayed at one of two different levels of intensity of expression (100% or 60%). The authors predicted that psychopathy would be associated with decreased affect recognition, particularly for sad and fearful emotional expressions, and decreased recognition of less intense displays of facial affect. Results were largely consistent with expectations in that psychopathy was negatively correlated with overall facial recognition of affect, sad facial affect, and recognition of less intense displays of affect. An unexpected negative correlation with recognition of happy facial affect was also found. These results suggest that psychopathy may be associated with a general deficit in affect recognition.

6.
N Engl J Med ; 353(10): 988-98, 2005 Sep 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16148284

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The role of prophylactic antibacterial agents after chemotherapy remains controversial. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients who were receiving cyclic chemotherapy for solid tumors or lymphoma and who were at risk for temporary, severe neutropenia (fewer than 500 neutrophils per cubic millimeter). Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 500 mg of levofloxacin once daily or matching placebo for seven days during the expected neutropenic period. The primary outcome was the incidence of clinically documented febrile episodes (temperature of more than 38 degrees C) attributed to infection. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of all probable infections, severe infections, and hospitalization but did not include a systematic evaluation of antibacterial resistance. RESULTS: A total of 1565 patients underwent randomization (784 to placebo and 781 to levofloxacin). The tumors included breast cancer (35.4 percent), lung cancer (22.5 percent), testicular cancer (14.4 percent), and lymphoma (12.8 percent). During the first cycle of chemotherapy, 3.5 percent of patients in the levofloxacin group had at least one febrile episode, as compared with 7.9 percent in the placebo group (P<0.001). During the entire chemotherapy course, 10.8 percent of patients in the levofloxacin group had at least one febrile episode, as compared with 15.2 percent of patients in the placebo group (P=0.01); the respective rates of probable infection were 34.2 percent and 41.5 percent (P=0.004). Hospitalization was required for the treatment of infection in 15.7 percent of patients in the levofloxacin group and 21.6 percent of patients in the placebo group (P=0.004). The respective rate of severe infection was 1.0 percent and 2.0 percent (P=0.15), with four infection-related deaths in each group. An organism was isolated in 9.2 percent of probable infections. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients receiving chemotherapy for solid tumors or lymphoma, the prophylactic use of levofloxacin reduces the incidence of fever, probable infection, and hospitalization.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antibiotic Prophylaxis , Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Levofloxacin , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Ofloxacin/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Bacterial Infections/etiology , Bacterial Infections/mortality , Double-Blind Method , Female , Fever/etiology , Fever/prevention & control , Hospitalization , Humans , Leukocyte Count , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/complications , Neutropenia/chemically induced , Neutropenia/complications , Ofloxacin/adverse effects , Risk , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/etiology
7.
J Antimicrob Chemother ; 52(6): 993-1000, 2003 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14585863

ABSTRACT

An optimum antimicrobial regimen for bacterial infection after orthotopic liver transplantation has not been identified. In this prospective 4 year study of patients undergoing liver transplantation, patients were randomized to receive either piperacillin-tazobactam (112 patient episodes) or ciprofloxacin plus amoxicillin (105 patient episodes) for empirical treatment of infective episodes in the first 3 months after transplant. Metronidazole was added to the ciprofloxacin-amoxicillin regimen where anaerobic infection was suspected. Patient groups were comparable with respect to clinical, biochemical and haematological parameters. At the 72 h primary efficacy end-point, the overall response rate for the intention-to-treat group was 74/112 (66.1%) for piperacillin-tazobactam and 63/105 (60.0%) for ciprofloxacin plus amoxicillin (P=0.399); the corresponding figures for the per-protocol (PP) group were 73/82 (89.0%) (piperacillin-tazobactam) and 61/80 (76.3%) (ciprofloxacin plus amoxicillin) (P=0.038). At the end-of-study assessment, 58.9% of episodes in the piperacillin-tazobactam group had a successful clinical outcome, compared with 50.5% in the ciprofloxacin plus amoxicillin group (P=0.222); the corresponding figures for the PP group were 83.5% (piperacillin-tazobactam) and 68.8% (ciprofloxacin plus amoxicillin) (P=0.038). Staphylococci and aerobic Gram-negative bacilli were the predominant pathogens in both groups. Bacteria resistant to the study drugs were encountered, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and multiply-resistant Klebsiella spp. Empirical monotherapy with piperacillin-tazobactam is an effective treatment for infective episodes in liver transplant patients.


Subject(s)
Amoxicillin/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination/therapeutic use , Liver Transplantation , Penicillanic Acid/therapeutic use , Penicillins/therapeutic use , Piperacillin/therapeutic use , Postoperative Complications/drug therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Amoxicillin/adverse effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Ciprofloxacin/adverse effects , Double-Blind Method , Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Female , Fever/etiology , Humans , Male , Metronidazole/therapeutic use , Middle Aged , Penicillanic Acid/adverse effects , Penicillanic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Penicillins/adverse effects , Piperacillin/adverse effects , Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination , Postoperative Complications/microbiology , Prospective Studies , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
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