ABSTRACT
The Staged Extubation Set has recently been introduced by Cook Medical for the management of difficult airway patients who potentially require reintubation; however, its reliability for intubation and ease of use is not reported in the literature. The set contains a wire and reintubation catheter with a central lumen for the wire and oxygenation if required. Reintubation is by a two-stage Seldinger-like technique. After induction of general anaesthesia, 23 low-risk elective surgical patients had the Staged Extubation Wire from the Cook set inserted into their trachea under direct laryngoscopy. The intubation was subsequently completed using the rest of the Staged Extubation Set as designed. Difficult intubation was simulated by intentionally decreasing the laryngeal view. Simulated reintubation failed in 8.3% and significant technical difficulty in simulated reintubation was noted in another 17.3% of intubation sequences. The latter represent probable failures in a clinical difficult reintubation setting. The mean time taken to intubate was 109 seconds. Using the Cook Staged Extubation Set may be inferior to using an airway exchange catheter for reintubation.
Subject(s)
Airway Extubation/methods , Intubation, Intratracheal/methods , Adult , Aged , Airway Extubation/instrumentation , Catheters , Female , Humans , Intubation, Intratracheal/instrumentation , Male , Middle Aged , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
An electrodialyser unit has been designed, incorporated into the conduits of a flow injection (FI) system, and employed for the removal of interferences in the determination of zinc(II) in multivitamin tablets. The proposed system is fully computerised and is able to determine zinc(II) at a frequency of 18 samples/h with a sample interaction of 0.0015%. The calibration graph is linear between 1 and 20 mg/L. The detection limit is 0.998 mg/L. The results obtained for zinc(II) in multivitamin tablets with the proposed system compared favourably with those obtained with the standard manual AAS method.
Subject(s)
Dialysis/instrumentation , Dialysis/methods , Tablets/chemistry , Vitamins/chemistry , Zinc/analysis , Calibration , Iron/pharmacology , Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry , Reference Standards , Rheology , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
A panel of 16S ribosomal RNA gene probes has been developed for the study of the epidemiology of heartwater; five of these detect different cowdria genotypes, one detects five distinct genotypes; one detects any Group III Ehrlichia species other than Cowdria and one detects any Group II Ehrlichia species. These probes have been used on PCR-amplified rickettsial 16S rRNA genes from over 200 Amblyomma hebraeum ticks. Control ticks were laboratory-reared and either uninfected or fed on sheep experimentally infected with different cowdria isolates, field ticks were collected from animals in heartwater-endemic areas. All tick-derived DNA samples were also examined by PCR amplification and probing for two other cowdria genes (map1 and pCS20) which have previously been used for heartwater epidemiology. This paper describes the first direct comparison of all currently available DNA probes for heartwater-associated organisms.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Bacterial , Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics , DNA Probes , Ehrlichia ruminantium/genetics , Ehrlichia/genetics , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Ticks/microbiology , Animals , Ehrlichia/classification , Ehrlichia/isolation & purification , Ehrlichia ruminantium/classification , Ehrlichia ruminantium/isolation & purification , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Genes, rRNA , Heartwater Disease/epidemiology , Heartwater Disease/microbiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , RNA, Bacterial/geneticsABSTRACT
We have developed a panel of 16S ribosomal RNA gene probes for heartwater epidemiology; five of these detect different Cowdria genotypes (Ball3, Senegal, Omatjenne, Crystal Springs, and Mara 87/7); one detects all five of these genotypes; one detects any Group III Ehrlichia species other than Cowdria; one detects any Group II Ehrlichia species. We have used these probes on PCR-amplified rickettsial 16S rRNA genes from over 200 Amblyomma ticks. Control ticks were laboratory-reared and either uninfected or fed on sheep experimentally infected with different Cowdria isolates, field ticks were harvested from animals in heartwater-endemic and heartwater-free areas. All the samples were also examined by PCR amplification and probing for two other Cowdria genes (map1 and pCS20) which have been used for heartwater epidemiology. This paper describes the first direct comparison of all the currently available DNA probes for heartwater-associated organisms.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Bacterial , Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics , Ehrlichia ruminantium/genetics , Ehrlichia/genetics , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Ticks/microbiology , Animals , DNA Probes , Ehrlichia/classification , Ehrlichia/isolation & purification , Ehrlichia ruminantium/classification , Ehrlichia ruminantium/isolation & purification , Genotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA Probes , RNA, Bacterial/geneticsABSTRACT
The viability of electrodialysis (ED) for the enhancement of mass transfer through passive neutral membranes in a flow injection system was investigated. A Spectrapore and Technicon type C membrane were evaluated using chloride anions as analyte. Both membranes showed an increase in mass transfer and the proposed electrodialyser/FIA system was applied for the determination of chloride in industrial effluents with results that compared very well with a standard titration procedure.
