Antimicrobial activities of amphiphilic cationic polymers and their efficacy of combination with novobiocin.

Today, drug-resistant bacteria represent a significant problem worldwide. In fact, bacteria are becoming resistant even to newly developed antibiotics. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop antibiotics to which bacteria cannot become resistant. In this study, antimicrobial polymers to which bacteria cannot develop resistance were prepared from 6-aminohexyl methacrylamide and N-isopropyl acrylamide. The polymers with molecular weights of the order of 105 showed little antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as well as low toxicity. On the other hand, polymers with lower molecular weights (of the order of 104) did show antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. These polymers were combined with novobiocin to investigate the combined usage effects against E. coli. The combined usage of novobiocin and the low-molecular-weight polymers reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration, which was less than 0.0625 µg/mL against E. coli. This result indicates that the combination is useful for increasing the efficacy of antibiotics and broadening their antimicrobial spectrum. Furthermore, the results showed the possibility that the antimicrobial polymers serve not only as antibiotics to which bacteria have not developed resistance but also as adjuvants for other antibiotics.

Clinical usefulness of a newly developed body surface navigation and monitoring system in radiotherapy.

In radiotherapy, setup precision has great influence on the therapeutic effect. In addition, body movements during the irradiation and physical alternations during the treatment period might cause deviation from the planned irradiation dosage distribution. Both of these factors could undesirably influence the dose absorbed by the target. In order to solve these problems, we developed the "body surface navigation and monitoring system" (hereafter referred to as "Navi-system"). The purpose of this study is to review the precision of the Navi-system as well as its usefulness in clinical radiotherapy. The Navi-system consists of a LED projector, a CCD camera, and a personal computer (PC). The LED projector projects 19 stripes on the patient's body and the CCD camera captures these stripes. The processed image of these stripes in color can be displayed on the PC monitor along with the patient's body surface image, and the digitalized results can be also displayed on the same monitor. The Navi-system calculates the height of the body contour and the transverse height centroid for the 19 levels and compares them with the reference data to display the results on the monitor on a real-time basis. These results are always replaced with new data after they are used for display; so, if the results need to be recorded, such recording commands should be given to the computer. 1) Evaluating the accuracy of the body surface height measurement: from the relationship between actual height changes and calculated height changes with torso surface by the Navi-system, for the height changes from 0.0 mm to ± 10.0mm, the changes show the underestimation of 1.0-1.5 mm and for ± 11.0mm to ± 20.0 mm, the underestimation of 1.5-3.0 mm. 2) Evaluating the accuracy of the transverse height centroid measurement: displacement of the inclined flat panel to the right by 5.0 mm, 10.0 mm, 15.0 mm and 20.0 mm showed the transverse height centroid calculated by the Navi-system for 0.024 ± 0.007 line/pair (mean ± SD), 0.045 ± 0.006 line/pair, 0.066 ± 0.006 line/pair and 0.089 ± 0.007 line/pair, respectively. Also, displacement of the inclined flat panel to the left by 5.0 mm, 10.0 mm, 15.0mm and 20.0 mm showed the transverse height centroid calculated by the Navi-system for 0.015 ± 0.007 line/pair (mean ± SD), 0.034 ± 0.007 line/pair, 0.053 ± 0.008 line/pair and 0.071 ± 0.007 line/pair, respectively. 3) Clinical usefulness of the Navi-system: on using the Navi-system, the frequency of radiotherapy replanning increased from 5.2% to 21.8%, especially in pelvic or abdominal irradiation. We developed a new navigation system for the purpose of compensating for the weakness of MVCT, CBCT and other systems, as well as for having a screening function. This Navi-system can monitor the patient continuously and measure change in height of the patient's body surface from the basic plane, in real time. It can also show the results both qualitatively and quantitatively on the PC monitor.