Rapid generation of a well-matched vaccine seed from a modern influenza A virus primary isolate without recourse to eggs.

Most influenza vaccines are produced in chicken eggs but recent human influenza strains often do not grow well in this substrate. The PER.C6 cell line is an alternative platform for vaccine production. Here we demonstrate that PER.C6 cells faithfully propagate recent clinical isolates, without selecting for mutations in the HA gene. PER.C6 cells support the rescue of recombinant influenza viruses from cDNA. We used sequence data from a surveillance programme to generate a PR8-based seed virus with the HA and NA of a contemporary circulating H3N2 human strain, A/England/611/07 (E611) that did not itself grow in eggs. We engineered mutations that affected receptor-binding, G186V or L194P, into the E611 HA gene. Whilst the L194P mutation conferred efficient growth in eggs, G186V did not. The L194P mutation was also spontaneously selected during egg propagation of E611/PR8 7:1 recombinant virus. This suggests generation of a single recombinant vaccine seed might satisfy manufacturers that utilize either eggs or cells for vaccine production.

Fiber-chimeric adenoviruses expressing fibers from serotype 16 and 50 improve gene transfer to human pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Survival of patients with pancreatic cancer is poor. Adenoviral (Ad) gene therapy employing the commonly used serotype 5 reveals limited transduction efficiency due to the low amount of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor on pancreatic cancer cells. To identify fiber-chimeric adenoviruses with improved gene transfer, a library of Ad vectors based on Ad5 and carrying fiber molecules consisting of 16 other serotypes were transduced to human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. Adenoviruses containing fibers from serotype 16 and 50 showed increased gene transfer and were further analyzed. In a gene-directed prodrug activation system using cytosine deaminase, these adenoviruses proved to be effective in eradicating primary pancreatic tumor cells. Fiber-chimeric Ad5 containing fiber 16 and wild-type Ad5 were also transduced ex vivo to slices of normal human pancreatic tissue and pancreatic carcinoma tissue obtained during surgery. It was shown that fiber-chimeric Ad5 with fiber 16 revealed an improved gene delivery to primary pancreatic tumor tissue compared to Ad5. In conclusion, fiber-chimeric adenoviruses carrying fiber 16 and 50 reveal a significantly enhanced gene transfer and an increased specificity to human pancreatic adenocarcinoma compared to Ad5, whereas transduction to normal pancreatic tissue was decreased. These findings expand the therapeutic window of Ad gene therapy for pancreatic cancer.

Serum-free transient protein production system based on adenoviral vector and PER.C6 technology: high yield and preserved bioactivity.

Stable E1 transformed cells, like PER.C6, are able to grow at scale and to high cell densities. E1-deleted adenoviruses replicate to high titer in PER.C6 cells whereas subsequent deletion of E2A from the vector results in absence of replication in PER.C6 cells and drastically lowers the expression of adenovirus proteins in such cells. We therefore considered the use of an DeltaE1/DeltaE2 type 5 vector (Ad5) to deliver genes to PER.C6 cells growing in suspension with the aim to achieve high protein yield. To evaluate the utility of this system we constructed DeltaE1/DeltaE2 vector carrying different classes of protein, that is, the gene coding for spike protein derived from the Coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), a gene coding for the SARS-CoV receptor or the genes coding for an antibody shown to bind and neutralize SARS-CoV (SARS-AB). The DeltaE1/DeltaE2A-vector backbones were rescued on a PER.C6 cell line engineered to constitutively over express the Ad5 E2A protein. Exposure of PER.C6 cells to low amounts (30 vp/cell) of DeltaE1/DeltaE2 vectors resulted in highly efficient (>80%) transduction of PER.C6 cells growing in suspension. The efficient cell transduction resulted in high protein yield (up to 60 picogram/cell/day) in a 4 day batch production protocol. FACS and ELISA assays demonstrated the biological activity of the transiently produced proteins. We therefore conclude that DeltaE1/DeltaE2 vectors in combination with the PER.C6 technology may provide a viable answer to the increasing demand for high quality, high yield recombinant protein.

Expression of aberrantly glycosylated tumor mucin-1 on human DC after transduction with a fiber-modified adenoviral vector.

BACKGROUND: DC-presenting tumor Ag are currently being developed to be used as a vaccine in human cancer immunotherapy. To increase chances for successful therapy it is important to deliver full-length tumor Ag instead of loading single peptides. METHODS: In this study we used a fiber-modified adenoviral vector (rAd5F35) containing full-length tumor Ag cDNA to transduce human monocyte (Mo)-derived DC in vitro. Cells were efficiently transduced and survived for at least 3 days after adenoviral transduction. Phenotype and function after maturation of Mo-DC were not impaired by infection with adenovirus particles. Expression of the tumor-associated Ag mucin-1 (MUC1) was detected using MAb defining different MUC1 glycoforms. RESULTS: Non-transduced mature Mo-DC express endogenous MUC1 with normal glycosylation. After transduction with the rAd5F35-MUC1 adenoviral vector, Mo-DC also expressed MUC1 with tumor-associated glycosylation (Tn and T glycoforms), although no changes in mRNA levels of relevant glycosyltransferases could be demonstrated. DISCUSSION: The presence of aberrantly glycosylated MUC1 may influence Ag presentation of the tumor glycoforms of MUC1 to immune cells, affecting tumor cell killing. These findings could be highly relevant to developing strategies for cancer immunotherapy based on DC vaccines using MUC1 as tumor Ag.

Improved gene delivery to intestinal mucosa by adenoviral vectors bearing subgroup B and d fibers.

A major obstacle to successful oral vaccination is the lack of antigen delivery systems that are both safe and highly efficient. Conventional replication-incompetent adenoviral vectors, derived from human adenoviruses of subgroup C, are poorly efficient in delivering genetic material to differentiated intestinal epithelia. To date, 51 human adenovirus serotypes have been identified and shown to recognize different cellular receptors with different tissue distributions. This natural diversity was exploited in the present study to identify suitable adenoviral vectors for efficient gene delivery to the human intestinal epithelium. In particular, we compared the capacities of a library of adenovirus type 5-based vectors pseudotyped with fibers of several human serotypes for transduction, binding, and translocation toward the basolateral pole in human and murine tissue culture models of differentiated intestinal epithelia. In addition, antibody-based inhibition was used to gain insight into the molecular interactions needed for efficient attachment. We found that vectors differing merely in their fiber proteins displayed vastly different capacities for gene transfer to differentiated human intestinal epithelium. Notably, vectors bearing fibers derived from subgroup B and subgroup D serotypes transduced the apical pole of human epithelium with considerably greater efficiency than a subgroup C vector. Such efficiency was correlated with the capacity to use CD46 or sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates as opposed to CAR as attachment receptors. These results suggest that substantial gains could be made in gene transfer to digestive epithelium by exploiting the tropism of existing serotypes of human adenoviruses.

Immunogenicity and protection of a recombinant human adenovirus serotype 35-based malaria vaccine against Plasmodium yoelii in mice.

Given the promise of recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) as a malaria vaccine carrier in preclinical models, we evaluated the potency of rAd35 coding for Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein (rAd35PyCS). We chose rAd35 since a survey with serum samples from African subjects demonstrated that human Ad35 has a much lower seroprevalence of 20% and a much lower geometric mean neutralizing antibody titer (GMT) of 48 compared to Ad5 (seroprevalence, 85%; GMT, 1,261) in countries with a high malaria incidence. We also demonstrated that immunization with rAd35PyCS induced a dose-dependent and potent, CS-specific CD8(+) cellular and humoral immune response and conferred significant inhibition (92 to 94%) of liver infection upon high-dose sporozoite challenge. Furthermore, we showed that in mice carrying neutralizing antibody activity against Ad5, mimicking a human situation, CS-specific T- and B-cell responses were significantly dampened after rAd5PyCS vaccination, resulting in loss of inhibition of liver infection upon sporozoite challenge. In contrast, rAd35 vaccine was as potent in naive mice as in Ad5-preimmunized mice. Finally, we showed that heterologous rAd35-rAd5 prime-boost regimens were more potent than rAd35-rAd35 because of induction of anti-Ad35 antibodies after rAd35 priming. The latter data provide a further rationale for developing rAd prime-boost regimens but indicate that priming and boosting Ad vectors must be immunologically distinct and also should be distinct from Ad5. Collectively, the data presented warrant further development of rAd35-based vaccines against human malaria.

Odocoileus hemionus deer adenovirus is related to the members of Atadenovirus genus.

The Odocoileus hemionus deer adenovirus (OdAdV-1) causes systemic and local vasculitis and proves extremely lethal for mule deer. To characterize the virus, part of the genome flanking the fiber gene was cloned and sequenced. The sequence revealed two open-reading frames that mapped to pVIII hexon-associated protein precursor and fiber protein of several other adenoviruses. The highest amino acid homology for pVIII and fiber was found with the members of the proposed Atadenovirus genus: ovine adenovirus isolate 287 (OAdV-287), bovine adenovirus 4 (BAdV-4) and duck adenovirus 1 (DAdV-1). The homology with bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAdV-3) proved low. The E3 region was not found between the gene for pVIII and fiber. These data suggest that OdAdV-1 is a member of the Atadenovirus genus.

Exploiting the natural diversity in adenovirus tropism for therapy and prevention of disease.

Since targeting of recombinant adenovirus vectors to defined cell types in vivo is a major challenge in gene therapy and vaccinology, we explored the natural diversity in human adenovirus tissue tropism. Hereto, we constructed a library of Ad5 vectors carrying fibers from other human serotypes. From this library, we identified vectors that efficiently infect human cells that are important for diverse gene therapy approaches and for induction of immunity. For several medical applications (prenatal diagnosis, artificial bone, vaccination, and cardiovascular disease), we demonstrate the applicability of these novel vectors. In addition, screening cell types derived from different species revealed that cellular receptors for human subgroup B adenoviruses are not conserved between rodents and primates. These results provide a rationale for utilizing elements of human adenovirus serotypes to generate chimeric vectors that improve our knowledge concerning adenovirus biology and widen the therapeutic window for vaccination and many different gene transfer applications.