Rural residence and prescription medication use by community-dwelling older adults: a review of the literature.

CONTEXT: Due to various barriers to health care access in the rural setting, there is concern that rural older adults might have lower access to prescribed medications than their urban counterparts. PURPOSE: To review published research reports to determine prevalence and mean medication use in rural, noninstitutionalized older adults and assess whether rural-urban differences exist. METHODS: PubMed, Ageline, Cinahl, PsycInfo, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Agricola, and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science - Social Science Index were searched. English-language articles through May 2005 involving a sample of rural, noninstitutionalized older adults and analyses of overall medication prevalence and/or intensity were included. Review articles, conference abstracts, dissertations, books, and articles targeting nonprescription or specific therapeutic categories were excluded. A total of 206 citations were identified and 26 met the inclusion criteria. FINDINGS: Reported prevalence of prescription medication use by rural older adults varied between 62% and 96%, with 2-6 prescriptions per person. Multivariate analyses results were equally inconsistent. Controlling for insurance, most US studies suggest there is no rural-urban difference in access to prescribed medications. However, this finding may not be generalizable across all regions in the United States or other countries. CONCLUSIONS: Geographic location may not be as important a variable for medication usage as for other health services utilization.

Smoke-free policies in the psychiatric population on the ward and beyond: a discussion paper.

Healthcare facilities from a number of countries have or are in the process of implementing smoke-free policies as part of their public health agenda and tobacco control strategy. Their main intent is to prevent the harmful effects of environmental tobacco smoke on employees and patients. However, these protection policies are often implemented before taking into account the specific needs of patients in psychiatric facilities and are clouded by a lack of knowledge, myths and misconceptions held by a variety of stakeholders. Consequently, the implementation of smoke-free policies tends to result in unintended and unfavourable consequences for this aggregate. Patients are forced to abstain from tobacco use during their hospitalization but have few options to address their dependence upon discharge. The development and implementation of such policies should not occur in isolation. It requires thoughtful consideration of the needs of the affected population. Recommendations are presented on the role of nurses in lobbying for policy changes. As well as strategies for policy makers and administrators that should accompany such a policy in psychiatry.

Giving voice to informal caregivers of older adults.

This study focused on the experiences of informal caregivers of older adults and explored whether employment, use of home-care services, or other factors influence the health of caregivers and their ability to manage their caregiving and other responsibilities. Focus groups conducted with 26 caregivers and personal interviews with 4 caregivers identified 12 themes under 5 conceptual areas: caregiver health, relationships, independence, employment, and use of home-care services. The findings reveal that caregiving coupled with other responsibilities can have serious health effects. Participants spoke of the tenuous balance of decision-making control between caregiver and care recipient. Many caregivers expressed a desire to be included as part of the formal health-care team. Implications for nursing are discussed.

Palliative sedation: nurses' perceptions.

Patients with advanced illnesses suffer from a myriad of distressing symptoms. Palliative care aims to alleviate the distress caused by such symptoms. In extreme circumstances palliative sedation may be implemented to manage symptom distress that is not responsive to standard treatment modalities. Nurses are involved in the care of patients receiving palliative sedation as well as their families. To date, however, little research has been conducted examining the nurses' experiences with, and perceptions about the use of palliative sedation in end-of-life care. In order to redress this gap in the literature a descriptive-exploratory study guided by the theory of symbolic interactionism was conducted. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 10 nurses working on an adult in-patient palliative care unit within a long-term care facility in Canada. The major theme emerging from content analysis of interview transcripts was that of 'Working your way through the quagmire'. The metaphor of the quagmire captured the difficult and complex issues nurses grappled with in instances where palliative sedation was used, and integrates the major categories into the key analytic model emerging from this study.

Cognitively impaired older adults: risk profiles for institutionalization.

BACKGROUND: This study focused on the identification of risk profiles for institutionalization among older adults diagnosed with cognitive impairment-not dementia or dementia in 1991/92 and subsequent institutionalization in the following 5-year period. METHODS: Data were from a sample of 123 individuals aged 65+ and their unpaid caregivers in Manitoba, Canada. Cluster analysis was conducted using baseline characteristics of age, cognition, disruptive behaviors, ADLs/IADLs, use of formal in-home services, and level of caregiver burden. RESULTS: Three distinct groups emerged (high risk [n = 12], medium risk [n = 40], and low risk [n = 71]). The high-risk group had the poorest cognitive scores, were the most likely to exhibit disruptive behaviors, were the most likely to need assistance with ADLs and IADLs, and had the highest level of burden among their caregivers. Follow-up of the groups validated the risk profiles; 75% of the high-risk group were institutionalized within the next 5 years, compared to 45% of the medium-risk group and 21% of the low-risk group. DISCUSSION: The risk profiles highlight the diversity among individuals with cognitive impairment and the opportunity for differential targeting of services for the distinct needs of each group.

Advance directives and community-dwelling older adults.

Advance directives (ADs) are documents that allow competent individuals to set forth their medical treatment wishes and/or to name a proxy in the event that they lose the capacity to communicate these decisions in the future. Despite the benefits of and support for such documents, very few people have completed an AD. This posttest-only experimental study examined whether an individualized intervention given to half of the older adults who attended an educational session increased the discussion and/or completion of ADs. Of the 74 participants, 25.7% (n = 19) completed an AD. There were no significant differences between control and intervention groups on the discussion and/or completion of ADs. Multivariate analysis indicated that perceived barriers were significantly associated with the discussion and completion of ADs. Content analysis revealed that major barriers to discussion and completion include procrastination and a reluctance to think about deteriorating health status and/or death.