"It's impossible for them to understand me 'cause I haven't said a word": how women baby boomers shape social participation spaces in old age.

The baby boom generation's retirement will change the conceptualization of participation in old age due to their particularities from having experienced a specific socio-historical context. Likewise, the feminization of old age underscores the importance of developing research from the perspectives of gender and critical feminist gerontology. The objective of the present study is to identify and analyze women baby-boomers' conceptualizations about social participation regarding the configuration of social participation spaces. Five discussion groups and five individual interviews were conducted with 56 baby boomers residing in Andalusia (Spain). Here we focus on a separate analysis of the 27 women participating in these settings. The results were organized around four factors: desirability of social participation spaces, adaptation of spaces to preferences, facilitators and barriers in the adaptation of spaces, and the importance of agency in the social participation spaces. Through the analyzed discourse it was observed that participants in this study gave special importance to promoting spaces that involve social contribution, self-management, and self-determination of the spaces, adaptation of access, as well as exercising agency.

Self as an Aesthetic Effect.

Mainstream psychology has assumed a notion of the self that seems to rest on a substantialist notion of the psyche that became predominant despite important critical theories about the self. Although cultural psychology has recognized the diverse, dialogical, historical, narrative, and performative nature of self, as opposed to the idea of self as entity, it is not clear how it accounts for the phenomenological experience of self as a unified image. In this paper, we offer a theoretical contribution to developing the implications of a genetic approach to self in cultural psychology, taking into account an otherwise overlooked dimension: art and aesthetics. We draw on the work of classical authors relevant to cultural psychology, who, although geopolitically and theoretically diverse, are concerted in understanding human psychological life as part of a living process of becoming: James, Mead, Dewey, Vygotsky, Bakhtin, and Volosinov. Overall, the hypothesis developed throughout the paper is that self is produced within psychological individuation as an effect of the aesthetic activity involved in everyday discursive life. We deepen the ideas that self is not an entity but a process of open becoming and that cultural life entails a radical experience of alterity, but we recognize the psychological importance of the sense of unity and closure generated in this process. We argue that self entails not only the process of becoming but also an aesthetical effect of unity in becoming. Self as an aesthetic effect emphasizes the self as a discursive and technical process of production, involving a product that, despite not being a finished entity, is felt as unitary and as mine by virtue of a specific transformation of experience. We thus propose to define self, on one level, as an epistemological category that points to the paradoxes of identity and agency in psychological individuation, and, on a different level, as a twofold operation that makes possible the subjective experience of a constitutive effort as much as a transient but experienced identity or agency.

Alteración del concepto de etnicidad desde la experiencia de las tejedoras mapuche del sur de Chile / Alteração do conceito de etnicidade a partir da experiência das tecedoras mapuche do sul do Chile / Alteration of the concept of ethnicity from the experience of the Mapuche weavers in southern Chile / L'altération du concept d'éthnicité à partir de l'expérience des tisseuses "mapuche" au sud du Chili

El caso de tejedoras mapuche de la IX Región de Chile nos permite reconsiderar los fenómenos de identidad cultural y etnicidad a la luz de las tensiones y procesos de subjetividad que median la construcción de memoria cultural. Se analiza tanto un escenario microgenético de los trabajos de identidad - como un escenario macrogenético, donde los procesos identitarios, las técnicas comerciales y religiosas del contexto mapuche se relacionan entre sí en permanente transmutación. Se discute el concepto de etnicidad con el fin de contribuir a ahondar en un fenómeno que está lejos de manifestarse como simple homogeneidad. Se realiza una discusión dando cuenta de la multiplicidad de tomas de posición en la experiencia de las tejedoras, enfatizando una mirada a la etnicidad como un proceso en permanente devenir, donde la memoria social del grupo reconduce una selección interesada de tradiciones orientando la construcción de una identidad potencial de cara al porvenir.(AU)

O caso das tecedoras mapuche da 9a Região do Chile nos permite reconsiderar os fenômenos de identidade cultural e etnicidade à luz das tensões e dos processos de subjetividade que medeiam a construção da memória cultura. São analisados tanto o cenário microgenético dos trabalhos de identidade quanto um cenário macrogenético, nos quais os processos identitários, as técnicas comerciais e religiosas do contexto mapuche se relacionam em permanente transmutação. Discute-se o conceito de etnicidade com o objetivo de aprofundar a compreensão de um fenômeno que está longe de manifestar-se como uma simples homogeneidade. A discussão procura abordar a multiplicidade de tomadas de posição na experiência das tecedoras, enfatizando um olhar para a etnicidade como um processo em permanente devir, no qual a memória social do grupo reconduz uma seleção interessada de tradições orientando a construção de uma identidade potencial face ao porvir.(AU)

The case of Mapuche weavers from the IX Region of Chile allows us to reconsider the phenomenon of cultural identity and ethnicity in light of the tensions and subjectivity processes that mediate the construction of cultural memory. We analyze both a microgenetic scenario of identity works and a macrogenetic scenario where identity processes and commercial and religious techniques of Mapuche context relate to each other in constant transmutation. The concept of ethnicity is discussed to contribute to shed light into a phenomenon that is far from manifest itself as a simple homogeneity. A discussion is made considering the multiplicity of position statements on the experience of the weavers, emphasizing a look at ethnicity as a process in constant development, in which the social memory of the group shapes a biased selection of traditions that guides the building up of a potential identity facing the future.(AU)

Le cas des tisseuses "mapuche" de la IX Région du Chili nous permet de reconsidérer les phénomènes de l'identité culturelle et de l' éthnicité à la lumière des tensions et des processus de subjectivité qui médiatisent la construction d'une mémoire culturelle. On analyse une scène microgénétique des travaux d'identité aussi bien que la scène macrogénétique où les processus identitaires, les techniques commerciales et religieuses du contexte "mapuche" se rapportent entre eux dans une transmutation permanente. On débat le concept d'éthnicité pour contribuer à l'approfondissement dans un phénomène complexe qui est loin de se manifester comme une simple homogénéité. Pour reconnaître la densité des nuances et de la multiplicité de choix à l'expérience des tisseuses, la discussion réalisée suggère qu'il faut souligner le regard sur l'éthnicité comme processus en évolution constant, où la mémoire sociale d'un groupe reconduit à une sélection intéressée des traditions pour orienter la construction d'une identité potentielle à l'attente du futur.(AU)

Alteración del concepto de etnicidad desde la experiencia de las tejedoras Mapuche del sur de Chile / Alteração do conceito de etnicidade a partir da experiência das tecedoras Mapuche do sul do Chile / Alteration of the concept of ethnicity from the experience of the Mapuche weavers in southern Chile / L'altération du concept d'éthnicité à partir de l'expérience des tisseuses "Mapuche" au sud du Chili

El caso de tejedoras mapuche de la IX Región de Chile nos permite reconsiderar los fenómenos de identidad cultural y etnicidad a la luz de las tensiones y procesos de subjetividad que median la construcción de memoria cultural. Se analiza tanto un escenario microgenético de los trabajos de identidad - como un escenario macrogenético, donde los procesos identitarios, las técnicas comerciales y religiosas del contexto mapuche se relacionan entre sí en permanente transmutación. Se discute el concepto de etnicidad con el fin de contribuir a ahondar en un fenómeno que está lejos de manifestarse como simple homogeneidad. Se realiza una discusión dando cuenta de la multiplicidad de tomas de posición en la experiencia de las tejedoras, enfatizando una mirada a la etnicidad como un proceso en permanente devenir, donde la memoria social del grupo reconduce una selección interesada de tradiciones orientando la construcción de una identidad potencial de cara al porvenir.

O caso das tecedoras mapuche da 9a Região do Chile nos permite reconsiderar os fenômenos de identidade cultural e etnicidade à luz das tensões e dos processos de subjetividade que medeiam a construção da memória cultura. São analisados tanto o cenário microgenético dos trabalhos de identidade quanto um cenário macrogenético, nos quais os processos identitários, as técnicas comerciais e religiosas do contexto mapuche se relacionam em permanente transmutação. Discute-se o conceito de etnicidade com o objetivo de aprofundar a compreensão de um fenômeno que está longe de manifestar-se como uma simples homogeneidade. A discussão procura abordar a multiplicidade de tomadas de posição na experiência das tecedoras, enfatizando um olhar para a etnicidade como um processo em permanente devir, no qual a memória social do grupo reconduz uma seleção interessada de tradições orientando a construção de uma identidade potencial face ao porvir.

The case of Mapuche weavers from the IX Region of Chile allows us to reconsider the phenomenon of cultural identity and ethnicity in light of the tensions and subjectivity processes that mediate the construction of cultural memory. We analyze both a microgenetic scenario of identity works and a macrogenetic scenario where identity processes and commercial and religious techniques of Mapuche context relate to each other in constant transmutation. The concept of ethnicity is discussed to contribute to shed light into a phenomenon that is far from manifest itself as a simple homogeneity. A discussion is made considering the multiplicity of position statements on the experience of the weavers, emphasizing a look at ethnicity as a process in constant development, in which the social memory of the group shapes a biased selection of traditions that guides the building up of a potential identity facing the future.

Le cas des tisseuses "mapuche" de la IX Région du Chili nous permet de reconsidérer les phénomènes de l'identité culturelle et de l' éthnicité à la lumière des tensions et des processus de subjectivité qui médiatisent la construction d'une mémoire culturelle. On analyse une scène microgénétique des travaux d'identité aussi bien que la scène macrogénétique où les processus identitaires, les techniques commerciales et religieuses du contexte "mapuche" se rapportent entre eux dans une transmutation permanente. On débat le concept d'éthnicité pour contribuer à l'approfondissement dans un phénomène complexe qui est loin de se manifester comme une simple homogénéité. Pour reconnaître la densité des nuances et de la multiplicité de choix à l'expérience des tisseuses, la discussion réalisée suggère qu'il faut souligner le regard sur l'éthnicité comme processus en évolution constant, où la mémoire sociale d'un groupe reconduit à une sélection intéressée des traditions pour orienter la construction d'une identité potentielle à l'attente du futur.

Early Neural Markers of Implicit Attitudes: N170 Modulated by Intergroup and Evaluative Contexts in IAT.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most popular measure to evaluate implicit attitudes. Nevertheless, its neural correlates are not yet fully understood. We examined event related potentials (ERPs) in response to face- and word processing while indigenous and non-indigenous participants performed an IAT displaying faces (ingroup and outgroup members) and words (positive and negative valence) as targets of category judgments. The N170 component was modulated by valence of words and by ingroup/outgroup face categorization. Contextual effects (face-words implicitly associated in the task) had an influence on the N170 amplitude modulation. On the one hand, in face categorization, right N170 showed differences according to the association between social categories of faces and affective valence of words. On the other, in word categorization, left N170 presented a similar modulation when the task implied a negative-valence associated with ingroup faces. Only indigenous participants showed a significant IAT effect and N170 differences. Our results demonstrate an early ERP blending of stimuli processing with both intergroup and evaluative contexts, suggesting an integration of contextual information related to intergroup attitudes during the early stages of word and face processing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of early ERPs during an ethnicity IAT, opening a new branch of exchange between social neuroscience and social psychology of attitudes.

Contextual blending of ingroup/outgroup face stimuli and word valence: LPP modulation and convergence of measures.

BACKGROUND: Several event related potential (ERP) studies have investigated the time course of different aspects of evaluative processing in social bias research. Various reports suggest that the late positive potential (LPP) is modulated by basic evaluative processes, and some reports suggest that in-/outgroup relative position affects ERP responses. In order to study possible LPP blending between facial race processing and semantic valence (positive or negative words), we recorded ERPs while indigenous and non-indigenous participants who were matched by age and gender performed an implicit association test (IAT). The task involved categorizing faces (ingroup and outgroup) and words (positive and negative). Since our paradigm implies an evaluative task with positive and negative valence association, a frontal distribution of LPPs similar to that found in previous reports was expected. At the same time, we predicted that LPP valence lateralization would be modulated not only by positive/negative associations but also by particular combinations of valence, face stimuli and participant relative position. RESULTS: Results showed that, during an IAT, indigenous participants with greater behavioral ingroup bias displayed a frontal LPP that was modulated in terms of complex contextual associations involving ethnic group and valence. The LPP was lateralized to the right for negative valence stimuli and to the left for positive valence stimuli. This valence lateralization was influenced by the combination of valence and membership type relevant to compatibility with prejudice toward a minority. Behavioral data from the IAT and an explicit attitudes questionnaire were used to clarify this finding and showed that ingroup bias plays an important role. Both ingroup favoritism and indigenous/non-indigenous differences were consistently present in the data. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that frontal LPP is elicited by contextual blending of evaluative judgments of in-/outgroup information and positive vs. negative valence association and confirm recent research relating in-/outgroup ERP modulation and frontal LPP. LPP modulation may cohere with implicit measures of attitudes. The convergence of measures that were observed supports the idea that racial and valence evaluations are strongly influenced by context. This result adds to a growing set of evidence concerning contextual sensitivity of different measures of prejudice.

Living being and speaking being: toward a dialogical approach to intentionality.

One of the main goals of cognitive science is to shed light on human knowledge. This paper states that, if daily conversations, literature, and private thought, are proper expressions of human behavior, then cognitive sciences ought to elaborate a concept of knowledge suited to this kind of activities. I draw upon the notion of discourse in Bakhtin to specify the attributes of knowing needed to account for human behavior, whose manifestations in everyday life are not reduced to representing objects but essentially oriented toward responding to others. As a central aspect of knowledge, I focus on intentionality and offer a discussion about different aspects of it. Specifically, I examine the difference between intentionality as the faculty of representation (aboutness) and intentionality as the subjective positioning toward contextually relevant ideological perspectives (meaning).

Trust in risky messages: the role of prior attitudes.

Risk perception researchers have observed a "negativity bias" for hazard-related information. Messages indicating the presence of risk seem to be trusted more than messages indicating the absence of risk, and risk perceptions seem more affected by negative than positive information. Two experiments were conducted to examine alternative explanations of this finding within the area of food additives. Study 1 (N = 235) extended earlier work by (a) unconfounding message valence (positive or negative) from message extremity (definite or null finding) and (b) exploring the role of prior attitudes. Results suggested that negative/risky messages were indeed trusted more even when extremity was taken into account. However, prior attitudes significantly moderated the effect of message valence on trust. Positive messages were distrusted only by those with negative prior attitudes. Study 2 (N = 252), further explored the role of prior attitudes and extended the work by examining reactions to risky messages about a positively viewed additive--a vitamin. The results again found a moderating effect of prior attitudes on message valence. Participants had greater confidence in messages that were more congruent with their prior attitudes, irrespective of valence. Furthermore, positive messages had a greater impact on risk perception than negative messages. These findings suggest that greater trust in negative messages about hazards may be a product of a "confirmatory" rather than a "negativity" bias.