ABSTRACT
Our laboratory has developed a simple two-step multiplex real-time PCR for use on isolates of Haemophilus influenzae for molecular serotype identification and the detection of capsular gene targets. The assay consists of a 2-plex real-time PCR targeting the capsule transport gene (bexA), and serotype b specific gene (bcsB), and a 5-plex real-time PCR detecting serotypes a, c, d, e, and f targeting Region II serotype-specific genes. Both real-time PCR assays are highly sensitive (<8 CFU) for all serotypes and 100% specific when tested by a panel of more than 40 bacterial organisms. A retrospective study of 214 isolates received between 1998 and 2011 were tested and compared against the traditional slide agglutination test (SAT) resulting in 100% concordance. We demonstrate that this two-step real-time PCR approach is more sensitive than previously published PCR assays and provides a simple alternative to the SAT. Reliable, rapid and sensitive H. influenzae serotyping is critical for identifying new emerging strains for epidemiological surveillance.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Typing Techniques/methods , Haemophilus influenzae/classification , Haemophilus influenzae/genetics , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Agglutination Tests , Molecular Typing , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Serotyping/methodsABSTRACT
Vacancy rates for registered nurses in the health care arena currently average 14 percent nationwide and are predicted to rise to 20 percent by 2010. The turnover of newly hired nurse graduates is of particular concern, as many leave their positions within the first year of employment. This article reports on an innovative course made available to new graduates employed at a hospital that is part of a large heath care system. A university faculty member was paid by the agency to provide one-on-one support for new graduates during their first five weeks of employment. Retention was 100 percent after the first year of the program and remained at that rate after the second year of employment.
Subject(s)
Education, Nursing, Continuing/organization & administration , Faculty, Nursing/organization & administration , Inservice Training/organization & administration , Nursing Staff, Hospital/education , Personnel Turnover/statistics & numerical data , Preceptorship/organization & administration , Attitude of Health Personnel , Clinical Competence/standards , Education, Nursing, Associate/organization & administration , Forecasting , Georgia , Humans , Interprofessional Relations , Job Satisfaction , Mentors/psychology , Nursing Education Research , Nursing Methodology Research , Nursing Staff, Hospital/psychology , Nursing Staff, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Program Development , Program Evaluation , Social SupportABSTRACT
Studies were done to investigate the actions of ACTH on the expression of CYP2D16 in the guinea pig adrenal cortex. Guinea pigs were treated with ACTH for 1, 3, or 7 days. In addition, some animals received ACTH for 7 days and were then untreated for an additional 3 or 7 days to test for reversibility of ACTH actions. ACTH treatment caused a time-dependent decrease in the rates of adrenal microsomal bufuralol metabolism, a CYP2D-catalyzed reaction; hepatic bufuralol metabolism was unaffected by ACTH. Adrenal enzyme activity was significantly reduced by ACTH within 1 day and decreased by 80% after 7 days. Western blotting and in situ hybridization analyses revealed corresponding declines in adrenal CYP2D16 protein and mRNA concentrations. Nuclear runoff assays indicated that ACTH treatment inhibited CYP2D16 expression at the transcriptional level. Adrenal 17 alpha-hydroxylase activities were increased by ACTH treatment, but CYP17 protein concentrations were not affected. Following cessation of ACTH administration, the rates of adrenal bufuralol metabolism and CYP2D16 protein and mRNA concentrations returned to control levels within 7 days. The results demonstrate that ACTH has a relatively rapid and reversible effect to inhibit adrenal CYP2D16 transcription, thereby decreasing adrenal xenobiotic metabolism. Thus, the actions of ACTH on CYP2D16 expression are opposite to those on other adrenal p450 isozymes, indicating unique regulatory mechanisms.
