The complete mitochondrial genome of Jintang black goat (Capra hircus).

Jintang black goat (Capra hircus) is an indigenous breed of Sichuan province of China. It is the first time that the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Jintang black goat is reported in this work, which is determined through the PCR-based method. The total length of the mitogenome is 16,813 bp, which contains two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, 13 PCGs, and a control region (D-loop region). The total base composition of Jintang black goat mitochondrial genome is 33.52% A, 13.13% G, 27.35% T, and 26.00% C, and in the order A > T > C > G. The complete mitochondrial genome of Jintang black goat provides an important data in genetic mechanism and the evolution genomes.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Shaziling pig.

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Shaziling pig was reported in Human Province, which was determined through PCR-based method. The total length of the mitogenome is 16,690 bp. It contains the typical structure, including 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop region) as that of most other vertebrates. The overall composition of the mitogenome was estimated to be 34.67% for A, 25.84% for T, 26.17% for C and 13.32% for G, with an A + T (60.51%)-rich feature in the Shaziling pig. All the protein initiation codons are ATG, except for ND2, ND3 and ND5 are ATA, ND4L is GTG, ND6 is TTA. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Shaziling pig in Human Province provides an important data set for the study in genetic mechanism.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Ningxiang pig.

In this work, we reported the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Ningxiang pig (Human Province), which was determined through PCR-based method. The total length of the mitogenome is 16,690 bp. The overall composition of the mitogenome was estimated to be 34.70% for A, 25.81% for T, 26.18% for C, 13.30% for G, respectively, indicating that an A + T(60.52%)-rich feature occurs in the Ningxiang pig. It contains the typical structure, including 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop region). The arrangement of these genes was the same as that found in the Landrace pig. All the protein initiation codons are ATG, except for ND2. ND3 and ND5 are ATA, ND4L is GTG. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Ningxiang pig in Human Province provides an important data for further study about genetic mechanism.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Daweizi pig.

Daweizi pig is one of the famous native breed in China. In this work we reported the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Daweizi pig in Human Province for the first time. The total length of the mitogenome is 16,690 bp, with the base composition of 34.68% for A, 25.80% for T, 26.21% for C, 13.31% for G and an A + T (60.48%)-rich feature occurs in the Daweizi pig. It is made up of two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and one non-coding control region (D-loop region). The arrangement of these genes was the same as that found in the Landrace pig. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Daweizi pig provides an important data set for further study on the germplasm resources.

Mitochondrial DNA sequence of the hybrid of Duroc (♂) × [Landrace (♂) × Yorshire (♀)] pig.

Duroc (♂) × [Landrace (♂) × Yorshire (♀)] (D × LY) pig is the popular hybrid pigs in order to make the most use of the heterosis in the world. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of D × LY pig mitochondrial genome was determined for the first time. Sequence analysis showed that the genome structure was in accordance with other pig breeds. It contained 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 1 control region (D-loop region). The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the D × LY pig provides an important data set for further study in genetic mechanism.

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Qianshao spotted pig.

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Qianshao spotted pig was first determined in this study. The mitogenome (16,700 bp) consists of 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 1 control region (D-loop region). The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Qianshao spotted pig enriches data resource for further study in genetic mechanism.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Taoyuan Black pig.

Taoyuan Black pig is the native breed of Hunan province in China. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of Taoyuan Black pig mitochondrial genome was first determined. Sequence analysis showed that the genome structure was in accordance with other pig breeds. It contained 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 1 control region (D-loop region). The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Taoyuan Black pig provides an important data set for further study on genetic mechanism.

Effect of alcohol chain length on the enzymatic resolution of racemic mandelic acid and kinetic study.

Asymmetric esterification of racemic mandelic acid (MA) was conducted in 1,2-dichloroethane using lipase Novozym 435 as catalyst. Different alcohols were screened for esterification to achieve high conversion and enantioselectivity. The results show that ethanol is the best alcohol substrate among tested alcohols, and long-chain alcohols show lower enantioselectivities. The effect of substrate concentrations on esterification with ethanol was studied, and the result indicates an alcohol inhibition. To examine the mechanism of the alcohol chain length effect, the ping-pong bi-bi mechanism with competitive alcohol inhibition was applied to build a model. By comparing the kinetic parameters of methanol, ethanol, butanol, heptanol, and octanol, it was found that both the Michaelis constant and the inhibition constant of alcohol increase with the increase in alcohol chain length, indicating that the balance between nucleophilicity and the inhibition effect is the possible reason for the highest conversion and enantioselectivity as shown by ethanol.

[Rainfall redistribution in subalpine Quercus aquifolioides forest in upper reaches of Minjiang River].

Based on the meteorological data from June to September 2007, the rainfall redistribution in subalpine Quercus aquifolioides forest in the upper reaches of Minjiang River was investigated by permanent plot method. The results showed that the total rainfall outside the forest was 486.7 mm, and the throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception accounted for 82.6%, 0.9%, and 16.5% of the total rainfall, respectively. The throughfall and stemflow had significant linear relationships with rainfall (P < 0.01, n = 49), and the relationships of throughfall ratio and stemflow ratio with rainfall could be described with nonlinear curves. When the rainfall outside the forest was more than 3.2 mm, stemflow would happen, and there existed a significant exponential (R2 = 0.623) relationship between the stemflow volume and the tree basal area. The canopy interception rate decreased hyperbolically with the increase of rainfall, being significantly negatively correlated with the rainfall amount, duration, and intensity as well as the air relative humidity during rainfall (P < 0.01, n = 49), but positively correlated with wind velocity (P < 0.01, n = 49).

[The genetic variation of two microsatellite markers of Escherichia coli F4(K88) receptor in different swine breeds].

The genetic variation of ETEC F4 receptor in Shaziling and Yorkshire breeds were studied using two micro-satellite markers(S0223 and S0068). The results showed that there were polymorphisms in the two markers, and there were great variations of the gene heterozygosity and Shannon information index in the two breeds. It was also reported that there were differences in K88ab and K88ac receptors in Chinese native breeds and foreign breeds, so the two markers might be the genetic markers of F4 receptor gene.

Polymorphism of E. coli F18 receptor gene in different pig breeds.

The genetic variation of E. coli F18 receptor(ECF18R) loci in 867 pigs including Large Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc, Ningxiang pig, Shaziling pig and Daweizi pig was detected by PCR-RFLP with Hin6 I. The results showed as follows: The three exotic breeds including Large Yorkshire, Landrace and Duroc were proved to be polymorphic at the Hin6 I-RFLP site. The average susceptibility genotype frequency of AG and GG in the exotic breeds was 0.94, G allelic frequency was 0.76. The C-->A mutation frequency at M307 site was very low in exotic breeds. The resistance genotype frequency of AA was 0.06. But the three native breeds including Ningxiang pig, Shaziling pig and Daweizi pig presented only GG genotype and no variation at the Hin6 I-RFLP site. The chi 2 value of ECF18R genotype distribution at the Hin6I-RFLP site in different pigs indicated that ECF18R genotype distribution of every exotic pig breed had significant or highly significant differences with three native pig breeds'. The ECF18R genotype distribution of three native pig breeds was the same completely. The others had no difference except that Landrace ECF18R genotype distribution had significant differences with Duroc's in the exotic breeds of pig.

[Experimental results on enterotoxigenic E.coli F18 receptor genotypes].

A total of 158 pigs of Yorkshire, Landrace and Duroc were selected from some swine breeding farms in Hunan province. The genotypes of enterotoxigenic E.coli F18 receptor were tested by PCR-RFLP. The results showed that the frequency of resistant genotype AA was 0.11,the frequencies of susceptibility genotype AG and GG were 0.35 and 0.54 respectively.