Farmers' personality traits and credit exclusion: Evidence from rural China.

Unlike existing research from the perspective of financiers or farmers' financial literacy, this Manuscript investigates the impact of personality traits on Chinese farmers' credit exclusion using data from 2018 to 2019 of China Agricultural University's Rural Inclusive Finance Survey. The empirical findings show that farmers' personality traits significantly affect their credit exclusion. Specifically, conscientiousness and extroversion alleviate the credit exclusion, while agreeableness significantly intensifies the credit exclusion. In addition, the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method is used to analyze the contribution of personality traits to each dimension of credit exclusion, and the results of the study show that personality traits mainly affected farmers' self-exclusion. Therefore, to develop inclusive finance in China, training and improving farmers' positive personality traits must be fostered.

High Salinity Inhibits Soil Bacterial Community Mediating Nitrogen Cycling.

Salinization is considered a major threat to soil fertility and agricultural productivity throughout the world. Soil microbes play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem stability and function (e.g., nitrogen cycling). However, the response of bacterial community composition and community-level function to soil salinity remains uncertain. Here, we used multiple statistical analyses to assess the effect of high salinity on bacterial community composition and potential metabolism function in the agricultural ecosystem. Results showed that high salinity significantly altered both bacterial alpha (Shannon-Wiener index and phylogenetic diversity) and beta diversity. Salinity, total nitrogen (TN), and soil organic matter (SOM) were the vital environmental factors shaping bacterial community composition. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Planctomycetes decreased with salinity, whereas Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased with salinity. The modularity and the ratio of negative to positive links remarkedly decreased, indicating that high salinity destabilized bacterial networks. Variable selection, which belongs to deterministic processes, mediated bacterial community assembly within the saline soils. Function prediction results showed that the key nitrogen metabolism (e.g., ammonification, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification processes) was inhibited in high salinity habitats. MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed that the abundance and composition of the nitrifying community were influenced by high salinity. The consistency of function prediction and experimental verification demonstrated that high salinity inhibited soil bacterial community mediating nitrogen cycling. Our study provides strong evidence for a salinity effect on the bacterial community composition and key metabolism function, which could help us understand how soil microbes respond to ongoing environment perturbation. IMPORTANCE Revealing the response of the soil bacterial community to external environmental disturbances is an important but poorly understood topic in microbial ecology. In this study, we evaluated the effect of high salinity on the bacterial community composition and key biogeochemical processes in salinized agricultural soils (0.22 to 19.98 dS m-1). Our results showed that high salinity significantly decreased bacterial diversity, altered bacterial community composition, and destabilized the bacterial network. Moreover, variable selection (61% to 66%) mediated bacterial community assembly within the saline soils. Functional prediction combined with microbiological verification proved that high salinity inhibited soil bacterial community mediating nitrogen turnover. Understanding the impact of salinity on soil bacterial community is of great significance for managing saline soils and maintaining a healthy ecosystem.

Potential role of the skin microbiota in Inflammatory skin diseases.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory skin diseases include a variety of skin diseases, such as seborrheic dermatitis, acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and so on, which are more common and tend to have a significant impact on patients' quality of life. Inflammatory skin diseases often result in physical or psychological distress; however, the pathogenesis of these diseases have not been clearly elucidated. Many factors are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases, including heredity, environment, immunity, epidermal barrier, mental disorders, infection and so on. In recent years, skin microbiota has been shown to play an important role in inflammatory skin diseases. AIMS: To elaborate on the specific mechanisms of inflammatory skin diseases induced by microbiota dysbiosis. METHODS: We introduce the function and influence of skin microbiota in inflammatory skin diseases from the following aspects: Immunity, epigenetics, epidermal barrier and treatment. RESULTS: Skin microbiota can affect many aspects of the host, such as Immunity, epigenetics, epidermal barrier, and it plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases. CONCLUSION: Skin microbiota is extremely important for maintaining the health of skin and the dysbiosis of skin microbiota is an important pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.

N,N-Dimethylpyridin-4-aminium 1-phenyl-cyclo-pentane-1-carboxyl-ate monohydrate.

The cation of the title salt, C(7)H(11)N(2) (+)·C(12)H(13)O(2) (-)·H(2)O, is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0184 Å). In the crystal, the cation, anion and water mol-ecule are linked by O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain running along the a axis.

Pyrimidin-2-amine-1-phenyl-cyclo-pentane-1-carb-oxy-lic acid (1/1).

In the crystal structure of the title co-crystal, C(4)H(5)N(3)·C(12)H(14)O(2), the components are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. Self-assembly of these dimeric units results in a four-component supra-molecular unit featuring a homosynthon between two mol-ecules of the pyrimidin-2-amine involving two N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and two heterosynthons between each one mol-ecule of pyrimidin-2-amine and 1-phenyl-cyclo-pentane-1-carb-oxy-lic acid involving N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.

A Stochastic Model for Nucleation Kinetics Determination in Droplet-Based Microfluidic Systems.

The measured induction times in droplet-based microfluidic systems are stochastic and are not described by the deterministic population balances or moment equations commonly used to model the crystallization of amino acids, proteins, and active pharmaceutical ingredients. A stochastic model in the form of a Master equation is formulated for crystal nucleation in droplet-based microfluidic systems for any form of nucleation rate expression under conditions of time-varying supersaturation. An analytical solution is provided to describe the (1) time evolution of the probability of crystal nucleation, (2) the average number of crystals that will form at time t for a large number of droplets, (3) the induction time distribution, and (4) the mean, most likely, and median induction times. These expressions are used to develop methods for determining the nucleation kinetics. Nucleation kinetics are determined from induction times measured for paracetamol and lysozyme at high supersaturation in an evaporation-based high-throughput crystallization platform, which give low prediction errors when the nucleation kinetics were used to predict induction times for other experimental conditions. The proposed stochastic model is relevant to homogeneous and heterogeneous crystal nucleation in a wide range of droplet-based and microfluidic crystallization platforms.

2-Amino-pyridinium 1-phenyl-cyclo-propane-1-carboxyl-ate.

In the title salt, C(5)H(7)N(2) (+)·C(10)H(9)O(2) (-), 2-amino-pyridine and 1-phenyl-cyclo-propane-1-carb-oxy-lic acid crystallize together, forming a 2-amino-pyridinium-carboxyl-ate supra-molecular heterosynthon involving two N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which in turn dimerizes to form a four-component supra-molecular unit also sustained by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding. A C-H⋯π inter-action between a pyridine C-H group and the centroid of the phenyl ring of the anion further stabilizes the four-component supra-molecular unit. The overall crystal packing also features C-H⋯O inter-actions.

Screening for cocrystallization tendency: the role of intermolecular interactions.

Pharmaceutical cocrystals have rapidly emerged as a new class of API solids with great promise and advantages. Much work has been focused on exploring the crystal engineering and design strategies that facilitate formation of cocrystals of APIs and ligands/cocrystal formers. However, fewer attempts have been made to understand the equilibrium phase behavior and phase transition kinetics of the cocrystallizing solutions. This limited knowledge on the solution physical chemistry often leads to difficulty in screening for potential molecular pairs of API and ligand that form cocrystals effectively. In this study, the long-time self-diffusivities measured using pulsed gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance (PGSE NMR) are used to characterize the particle interactions in solutions for pharmaceutical cocrystallizing systems. For the pairs of API and ligand that produce cocrystals, the heteromeric attractions between API and ligand are found to be stronger than the homomeric attractions between API molecules and between ligand molecules, suggesting that an energetically favorable condition is induced for the formation of cocrystals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of using the pair contribution of the self-diffusivity as a screening tool for cocrystal formation.

Metastable States of small-molecule solutions.

Metastable states such as gels and glasses that are commonly seen in nanoparticle suspensions have found application in a wide range of products including toothpaste, hand cream, paints, and car tires. The equilibrium and metastable state behavior of nanoparticle suspensions are often described by simple fluid models where particles are treated as having hard cores and interacting with short-range attractions. Here we explore similar models to describe the presence of metastable states of small-molecule solutions. We have recently shown that the equilibrium solubilities of small hydrogen-bonding molecules and nanoparticles fall onto a corresponding-states solubility curve suggesting that with similar average strengths of attraction these molecules have similar solubilities. This observation implies that metastable states in small-molecule solutions may be found under conditions similar to those where metastable states are observed in nanoparticle and colloidal suspensions. Here we seek confirmation of this concept by exploring the existence of metastable states in solutions of small molecules.

Generalized phase behavior of small molecules and nanoparticles.

Prediction and understanding of the thermodynamic properties and kinetics of phase transitions in molecular systems depends on tuning intermolecular interactions such that the desired structures are assembled. These interactions can depend on the solvent temperature and composition and are difficult to determine in an a priori manner. This is especially true for large and complex molecules and nanoparticles with functionalized surfaces. Here, we demonstrate the use of the pair contribution of the long-time self-diffusivity determined by pulsed-field gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance as a probe of these interactions. Materials with high solubilities have scaled long-time self-diffusivity, D2, values that are close to hard sphere values and decrease as the solubility decreases. We find a remarkable correlation between solubility and D2 for a wide range of hydrogen-bonding solutes that crystallize upon quenching solutions from high temperature. This generalized phase behavior can be understood in terms of the solutes' interacting with attractive forces that have an extent that is only a small fraction of their diameters.