Micro-encapsulation of garlic oil using esterified-wheat porous starch and whey protein isolate: Physicochemical properties, release behavior during in vitro digestion.

The study aimed to inhibit the stimulating impact of garlic oil (GO) on the stomach and attain high release in the intestine during digestion. So, wheat porous starch (WPS) was modified with octenyl succinic acid (OSA) and malic acid (MA) to obtain esterified WPS, OWPS and MWPS, respectively. The differences in physicochemical, encapsulation, and digestive properties of two GO microcapsules, WPI/OWPS/GO and WPI/MWPS/GO microcapsules produced by using OWPS and MWPS as variant carrier materials and whey protein isolate (WPI) as the same coating agent, were compared. The results found that OWPS had greater amphiphilicity, while MWPS had better hydrophobicity and anti-digestive ability than WPS. Encapsulation efficiency of WPI/OWPS/GO (94.67 %) was significantly greater than WPI/MWPS/GO (91.44 %). The digestion inhibition and low GO release (approximately 23 %) of WPI/OWPS/GO and WPI/MWPS/GO microcapsules in the gastric phase resulted from the protective effect of WPI combined with the good adsorption and lipophilicity of OWPS and MWPS. Especially, WPI/OWPS/GO microcapsule was relatively stable in the gastric phase and had sufficient GO release (67.24 %) in the intestinal phase, which was significantly higher than WPI/MWPS/GO microcapsule (56.03 %), benefiting from the adsorption and digestive properties of OWPS, and resulting in a total cumulative GO release rate of 90.86 %.

Effectiveness of digital home rehabilitation and supervision for stroke survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Stroke survivors often experience residual impairments and motor decline post-discharge. While digital home rehabilitation combined with supervision could be a promising approach for reducing human resources, increasing motor ability, and supporting rehabilitation persistence there is a lack of reviews synthesizing the effects. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the effect of digital home rehabilitation and supervision in improving motor ability of upper limb, static balance, stroke-related quality of life, and self-reported arm function among stroke survivors. Methods: Six electronic databases, grey literature, ongoing studies, and reference lists were searched for relevant studies. Two investigators independently reviewed titles, abstracts, screened full texts for eligibility and performed data extraction. Meta-analysis of 13 independent studies were grouped into four separate meta-analyses. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessments, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) tool was used for evaluating the overall quality of the evidence. Results: Meta-analyses showed no statistically significant difference between intervention (digital home rehabilitation) and control groups (home training/clinic-based) of all outcomes including motor ability of upper limb, static balance, stroke-related quality of life, and self-reported arm function. In the sub-group analysis digital home rehabilitation was associated with better quality of arm use (standardized mean difference = 0.68, 95% confidence interval: [0.27, 1.09], p = 0.001). Conclusions: This result indicated that digital home rehabilitation has similar effects and could potentially replace home training or clinic-based services. This review highlights better-targeted digital motor interventions to examine the effects of interventions further. The quality of evidence was moderate to high in motor and self-reported arm outcomes, and low for balance and quality of life.

Capture of single Ag atoms through high-temperature-induced crystal plane reconstruction.

The "terminal hydroxyl group anchoring mechanism" has been studied on metal oxides (Al2O3, CeO2) as well as a variety of noble and transition metals (Ag, Pt, Pd, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Co) in a number of generalized studies, but there is still a gap in how to regulate the content of terminal hydroxyl groups to influence the dispersion of the active species and thus to achieve optimal catalytic performance. Herein, we utilized AlOOH as a precursor for γ-Al2O3 and induced the transformation of the exposed crystal face of γ-Al2O3 from (110) to (100) by controlling the calcination temperature to generate more terminal hydroxyl groups to anchor Ag species. Experimental results combined with AIMD and DFT show that temperature can drive the atomic rearrangement on the (110) crystal face, thereby forming a structure similar to the atomic arrangement of the (100) crystal face. This resulted in the formation of more terminal hydroxyl groups during the high-temperature calcination of the support (Al-900), which can capture Ag species to form single-atom dispersions, and ultimately develop a stable and efficient single-atom Ag-based catalyst.

Creating Atomically Iridium-Doped PdOx Nanoparticles for Efficient and Durable Methane Abatement.

The urgent environmental concern of methane abatement, attributed to its high global warming potential, necessitates the development of methane oxidation catalysts (MOC) with enhanced low-temperature activity and durability. Herein, an iridium-doped PdOx nanoparticle supported on silicalite-1 zeolite (PdIr/S-1) catalyst was synthesized and applied for methane catalytic combustion. Comprehensive characterizations confirmed the atomically dispersed nature of iridium on the surface of PdOx nanoparticles, creating an Ir4f-O-Pdcus microstructure. The atomically doped Ir transferred more electrons to adjacent oxygen atoms, modifying the electronic structure of PdOx and thus enhancing the redox ability of the PdIr/S-1 catalysts. This electronic modulation facilitated methane adsorption on the Pd site of Ir4f-O-Pdcus, reducing the energy barrier for C-H bond cleavage and thereby increasing the reaction rate for methane oxidation. Consequently, the optimized PdIr0.1/S-1 showed outstanding low-temperature activity for methane combustion (T50 = 276 °C) after aging and maintained long-term stability over 100 h under simulated exhaust conditions. Remarkably, the novel PdIr0.1/S-1 catalyst demonstrated significantly enhanced activity even after undergoing harsh hydrothermal aging at 750 °C for 16 h, significantly outperforming the conventional Pd/Al2O3 catalyst. This work provides valuable insights for designing efficient and durable MOC catalysts, addressing the critical issue of methane abatement.

Comparison of treatment effects between clear aligners and fixed appliances in patients treated with miniscrew-assisted molar distalization.

OBJECTIVES: The biomechanics in achieving molar distalization may differ between fixed appliances and clear aligners in the control of tooth movement. The objective of this study was to compare the treatment effects between clear aligners (CA) and fixed appliances (FA) in patients treated with miniscrew-assisted molar distalization. METHODS: The sample consisted of 46 subjects with mild-to-moderate crowding. A total of 22 patients treated with clear aligners (age, 25.66 ±â€…6.11 years old) and 24 patients treated with fixed appliances (age, 24.04 ±â€…4.95 years old) for miniscrew-assisted molar distalization were included in this study. The dental and skeletal changes were evaluated by the pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms. RESULTS: Significant changes were found with the vertical variables SN-OP angle (2.24 ±â€…3.22°, P < .05) and SN-MP angle (0.73 ±â€…1.15°, P < .05) for the FA group when compared with the CA group (SN-OP angle 0.41 ±â€…2.26° and SN-MP angle -0.21 ±â€…1.38°, P > .05). Both treatment groups achieved a 2-3 mm. molar distalization with significant intrusion of the upper molars. The CA group showed significantly less distal tipping of molars (U6^PP angle -2.29 ±â€…3.29° and L6^MP angle -2.92 ±â€…2.49°, P < .05) compared to the FA group (-5.24 ±â€…4.28° and -5.53 ±â€…5.03°, P < .05). In addition, significant retraction and lingual inclination of the upper and lower incisors were found in both groups. LIMITATIONS: The changes of tooth position were evaluated by 2D lateral cephalograms, not 3D measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to fixed appliances, clear aligners seemed to have better control of vertical dimension and distal tipping of molars in patients treated with miniscrew-assisted molar distalization.

Personal and work-related factors associated with post-traumatic growth in nurses: A mixed studies systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Nurses, assuming a wide range of clinical and patient care responsibilities in a healthcare team, are highly susceptible to direct and indirect exposure to traumatic experiences. However, literature has shown that nurses with certain traits developed a new sense of personal strength in the face of adversity, known as post-traumatic growth (PTG). This review aimed to synthesize the best available evidence to evaluate personal and work-related factors associated with PTG among nurses. DESIGN: Mixed studies systematic review. METHODS: Studies examining factors influencing PTG on certified nurses from all healthcare facilities were included. Published and unpublished studies were identified by searching 12 databases from their inception until 4th February 2023. Two reviewers independently screened, appraised, piloted a data collection form, and extracted relevant data. Meta-summary, meta-synthesis, meta-analysis, as well as subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Integration of results followed result-based convergent design. RESULTS: A total of 98 studies with 29,706 nurses from 18 countries were included. These included 49 quantitative, 42 qualitative, and seven mixed-methods studies. Forty-six influencing factors were meta-analyzed, whereas nine facilitating factors were meta-summarized. A PTG conceptual map was created. Four constructs emerged from the integration synthesis: (a) personal system, (b) work-related system, (c) event-related factors, and (d) cognitive transformation. CONCLUSION: The review findings highlighted areas healthcare organizations could do to facilitate PTG in nurses. Practical implications include developing intervention programs based on PTG facilitators. Further research should examine the trend of PTG and its dynamic response to different nursing factors. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Research on trauma-focused therapies targeting nurses' mental health is lacking. Therefore, findings from this review could inform healthcare organizations on the PTG phenomenon and developing support measures for nurses through healthcare policies and clinical practice.

Electroacupuncture intervention alleviates depressive-like behaviors and regulates gut microbiome in a mouse model of depression.

Electroacupuncture (EA) is a neuroregulatory therapy for depression. Nonetheless, the effects of EA on the gut microbiome in mice models of depression are not well established. Here, using a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model in mice, we evaluated the antidepressant effects of EA and changes in gut microbiota with behavioral tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results found that EA increased the time spent in the center area of the open-field test and the percentage of sucrose preference and reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test in CUMS-treated mice. Furthermore, the genus Lachnoclostridium, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were enriched in the CUMS group, which was positively correlated with depressive-like behaviors. Whereas phylum Actinobacteria and genus Allobaculum, Bifidobacterium, Dubosiella, Rikenella and Ileibacterium were enriched in the EA and CUMS + EA groups, all of which were negatively correlated with depressive-like behaviors. This study characterizes gut microbiota under EA treatment and provides new insights into the association of anti-depressive-like effects of EA and gut microbiota.

NIR sensors combined with chemometric algorithms in intelligent quality evaluation of sweetpotato roots from 'Farm' to 'Table': Progresses, challenges, trends, and prospects.

NIR sensors, in conjunction with advanced chemometric algorithms, have proven to be a powerful and efficient tool for intelligent quality evaluation of sweetpotato roots throughout the entire supply chain. By leveraging NIR data in different wavelength ranges, the physicochemical, nutritional and antioxidant compositions, as well as variety classification of sweetpotato roots during the different stages were adequately evaluated, and all findings involving quantitative and qualitative investigations from the beginning to the present were summarized and analyzed comprehensively. All chemometric algorithms including both linear and nonlinear employed in NIR analysis of sweetpotato roots were introduced in detail and their calibration performances in terms of regression and classification were assessed and discussed. The challenges and limitations of current NIR application in quality evaluation of sweetpotato roots are emphasized. The prospects and trends covering the ongoing advancements in software and hardware are suggested to support the sustainable and efficient sweetpotato processing and utilization.

PAK1 inhibition increases TRIM21-induced PD-L1 degradation and enhances responses to anti-PD-1 therapy in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a common malignancy with a 5-year survival <10 %. Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in the progression of PDA. In recent years, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockade has emerged as a potent anti-tumor immunotherapy, while is yet to achieve significant clinical benefits for PDA patients. P21-Activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is highly upregulated in PDA and has been reported to be involved in the regulation of anti-tumor immunity. This study aims to investigate the combined effect of PAK1 inhibition and anti-PD-1 therapy on PDA and the underlying mechanisms. We have shown that PAK1 expression positively correlated with PD-L1 in PDA patients, and that inhibition of PAK1 downregulated PD-L1 expression of PDA cells. More importantly, we have demonstrated that PAK1 competed with PD-L1 in binding to tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), a ubiquitin E3 ligase, resulting in less ubiquitination and degradation of PD-L1. Moreover, PAK1 inhibition promoted CD8+ T cells activation and infiltration. In a murine PDA model, the combination of PAK1 inhibition and anti-PD-1 therapy showed significant anti-tumor effects compared with the control or monotherapy. Our results indicated that the combination of PAK1 inhibition and anti-PD-1 therapy would be a more effective treatment for PDA patients.

Insights into the Formation Mechanism of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Interface Reaction of SO2 on Hematite.

The interplay between sulfur and iron holds significant importance in their atmospheric cycle, yet a complete understanding of their coupling mechanism remains elusive. This investigation delves comprehensively into the evolution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the interfacial reactions involving sulfur dioxide (SO2) and iron oxides under varying relative humidity conditions. Notably, the direct activation of water by iron oxide was observed to generate a surface hydroxyl radical (•OH). In comparison, the aging of SO2 was found to markedly augment the production of •OH radicals on the surface of α-Fe2O3 under humid conditions. This augmentation was ascribed to the generation of superoxide radicals (•O2-) stemming from the activation of O2 through the Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle and its combination with the H+ ion to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the acidic surface. Moreover, the identification of moderate relative humidity as a pivotal factor in sustaining the surface acidity of iron oxide during SO2 aging underscores its crucial role in the coupling of iron dissolution, ROS production, and SO2 oxidation. Consequently, the interfacial reactions between SO2 and iron oxides under humid conditions are elucidated as atmospheric processes that enhance oxidation capacity rather than deplete ROS. These revelations offer novel insights into the mechanisms underlying •OH radical generation and oxidative potential within atmospheric interfacial chemistry.

Medicinal Value, Genetic Diversity, and Genetic Relationship Analysis of Auricularia cornea (Agaricomycetes) Based on ITS, ISSR, and SRAP Markers.

Wild resources of Auricularia cornea (A. polytricha) are abundant in China, and genetic diversity and genetic relationships analysis of A. cornea can provide basis for germplasm resource utilization and innovation and molecular marker-assisted breeding. In this study, 22 Auricularia strains collected were identified as A. cornea based on ITS sequence analysis, and its genetic diversity was examined by ISSR and SRAP markers. The results showed that a total of 415 bands were amplified by 11 selected ISSR primers, with an average amplification of 37.73 bands per primer, and the mean values of Ne, I, and H were 1.302, 0.368, and 0.219, respectively. A total of 450 bands were amplified by 10 SRAP primers, with an average of 45 bands per primer, and the average of Ne, I, and H were 1.263, 0.302, and 0.183, respectively. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means analysis based on ISSR-SRAP marker data revealed that the genetic similarity coefficient between the tested strains was 0.73-0.97, and the strains could be divided into five groups at 0.742, which had a certain correlation with regional distribution. The results of PCOA and population structure analysis based on ISSR-SRAP data also produced similar results. These results demonstrate the genetic diversity and distinctness among wild A. cornea and provide a theoretical reference for the classification, breeding, germplasm innovation, utilization, and variety protection of A. cornea resources.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects, toxicity, and phytochemical analysis of Beaumontia grandiflora Wall.

Preliminary pharmacological studies revealed that the EtOAc fraction (BGEA) might be the main active fraction with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in Beaumontia grandiflora Wall. Further assays on BGEA at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg using four animal models showed that it could inhibit the xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and acetic acid-induced writhing and prolong the latency time in the hot-plate test. ELISA analysis revealed that the anti-inflammatory activity of BGEA might be associated with the decrease of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 levels and the increase of the IL-10 level. The acute toxicity test showed that except for the n-BuOH fraction, the LD50 values of the extract and other three fractions were higher than 2000 mg/kg bw. Finally, 14 compounds were identified from BGEA by LC-MS. This research provides some basis for the folk use of B. grandiflora in the treatment of inflammation and pain-related diseases.

Inhibition of P21-activated kinases 1 and 4 synergistically suppresses the growth of pancreatic cancer by stimulating anti-tumour immunity.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal types of cancer, and KRAS oncogene occurs in over 90% of cases. P21-activated kinases (PAK), containing six members (PAK1 to 6), function downstream of KRAS. PAK1 and PAK4 play important roles in carcinogenesis, but their combinational effect remains unknown. In this study, we have determined the effect of dual inhibition of PAK1 and PAK4 in PDA progression using knockout (KO) cancer cell lines. METHODS: Murine wild-type (WT) and PAK1KO pancreatic cancer cell lines were isolated from PAK1+/+ and PAK1-/- KPC (LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53 R172H/+; Pdx-1-Cre) mice. KPC PAK4KO and KPC PAK1&4 KO cell lines were generated from KPC WT and KPC PAK1KO cell lines respectively using the CRISPR-CAS9 gene knockout technique. PAK WT and KO cell lines were used in mouse models of pancreatic tumours. Cells and tumour tissue were also used in flow cytometry and proteomic studies. A human PDA tissue microarray was stained by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Double knock out of PAK1 and PAK4 caused complete regression of tumour in a syngeneic mouse model. PAK4KO inhibited tumour growth by stimulating a rapid increase of cytotoxic CD8+ T cell infiltration. PAK1KO synergistically with PAK4KO increased cytotoxic CD8+ T cell infiltration and stimulated a sustained infiltration of CD8+ T cells at a later phase to overcome the immune evasion in the PAK4KO tumour. The human PDA tissue microarray study showed the important role of PAK1 and PAK4 in intra-tumoral T-cell function. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that dual inhibition of PAK1 and PAK4 synergistically suppressed PDA progression by stimulating cytotoxic CD8 + T cell response.

In-Depth Understanding of the Oxidative Compatibility of Volatile Organic Compounds with Mn2O3 and Pt-Loaded Catalysts.

Designing suitable catalysts for efficiently degrading volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a great challenge due to the distinct variety and nature of VOCs. Herein, the suitability of different typical VOCs (toluene and acetone) over Pt-based catalysts and Mn2O3 was investigated carefully. The activity of Mn2O3 was inferior to Pt-loaded catalysts in toluene oxidation but showed superior ability for destroying acetone, while Pt loading could boost the catalytic activity of Mn2O3 for both acetone and toluene. This suitability could be determined by the physicochemical properties of the catalysts and the structure of the VOC since toluene destruction activity is highly reliant on Pt0 in the metallic state and linearly correlated with the amount of surface reactive oxygen species (Oads), while the crucial factor that affects acetone oxidation is the mobility of lattice oxygen (Olat). The Pt/Mn2O3 catalyst shows highly active Pt-O-Mn interfacial sites, favoring the generation of Oads and promoting Mn-Olat mobility, leading to its excellent performance. Therefore, the design of abundant active sites is an effective means of developing highly adaptive catalysts for the oxidation of different VOCs.

Organocatalyzed Photoelectrochemistry for the Generation of Acyl and Phosphoryl Radicals through Hydrogen Atom-Transfer Process.

An organocatalyzed photoelectrochemical method for the generation of acyl and phosphoryl radicals from formamides, aldehydes, and phosphine oxides has been developed. This protocol utilizes 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) as both a molecular catalyst and a hydrogen atom-transfer (HAT) reagent, eliminating the requirement for external metal-based reagents, HAT reagents, and oxidants. The generated acyl radicals can be applied to a range of radical-mediated transformation reactions, including C-H carbamoylation of heteroarenes, intermolecular tandem radical cyclization of CF3-substituted N-arylacrylamides, as well as intramolecular cyclization reactions. The use of acyl radicals in these transformations offers an efficient and sustainable approach to accessing structurally diverse carbonyl compounds.

Global convergence in terrestrial gross primary production response to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit.

Atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) increases with climate warming and may limit plant growth. However, gross primary production (GPP) responses to VPD remain a mystery, offering a significant source of uncertainty in the estimation of global terrestrial ecosystems carbon dynamics. In this study, in-situ measurements, satellite-derived data, and Earth System Models (ESMs) simulations were analysed to show that the GPP of most ecosystems has a similar threshold in response to VPD: first increasing and then declining. When VPD exceeds these thresholds, atmospheric drought stress reduces soil moisture and stomatal conductance, thereby decreasing the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Current ESMs underscore CO2 fertilization effects but predict significant GPP decline in low-latitude ecosystems when VPD exceeds the thresholds. These results emphasize the impacts of climate warming on VPD and propose limitations to future ecosystems productivity caused by increased atmospheric water demand. Incorporating VPD, soil moisture, and canopy conductance interactions into ESMs enhances the prediction of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change.

Contrasting water use strategies to climate warming in white birch and larch in a boreal permafrost region.

The effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca) with climate warming on intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and radial growth in boreal forests are still poorly understood. We measured tree-ring cellulose δ13C, δ18O, and tree-ring width in Larix dahurica (larch) and Betula platyphylla (white birch), and analyzed their relationships with climate variables in a boreal permafrost region of northeast China over past 68 years covering a pre-warming period (1951-1984; base period) and a warm period (1985-2018; warm period). We found that white birch but not larch significantly increased their radial growth over the warm period. The increased iWUE in both species was mainly driven by elevated Ca but not climate warming. White birch but not larch showed significantly positive correlations between tree-ring δ13C, δ18O and summer maximum temperature as well as vapor pressure deficit in the warm period, suggesting a strong stomatal response in the broad-leaved birch to temperature changes. The climate warming-induced radial growth enhancement in white birch is primarily associated with a conservative water use strategy. In contrast, larch exhibits a profligate water use strategy. It implies an advantage for white birch over larch in the warming permafrost regions.

Four new tirucallane-type triterpenoids from Aphanamixis polystachya.

Four new tirucallane-type triterpenoids, polystanins H-K (1-4), were obtained from the stems and leaves of Aphanamixis polystachya. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of the spectroscopic data and comparison with literature data. Compounds 1 and 2 showed week inhibitory effects against NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. All the isolates were investigated for their antifungal activities against drug-resistant Candida albicans.

Enterococcus faecalis provides protection during scavenging in carrion crow ( Corvus corone).

The gut microbiota significantly influences host physiology and provides essential ecosystem services. While diet can affect the composition of the gut microbiota, the gut microbiota can also help the host adapt to specific dietary habits. The carrion crow ( Corvus corone), an urban facultative scavenger bird, hosts an abundance of pathogens due to its scavenging behavior. Despite this, carrion crows infrequently exhibit illness, a phenomenon related to their unique physiological adaptability. At present, however, the role of the gut microbiota remains incompletely understood. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technology to assess colonic content in carrion crows and 16 other bird species with different diets in Beijing, China. Our findings revealed that the dominant gut microbiota in carrion crows was primarily composed of Proteobacteria (75.51%) and Firmicutes (22.37%). Significant differences were observed in the relative abundance of Enterococcus faecalis among groups, highlighting its potential as a biomarker of facultative scavenging behavior in carrion crows. Subsequently, E. faecalis isolated from carrion crows was transplanted into model mice to explore the protective effects of this bacterial community against Salmonella enterica infection. Results showed that E. faecalis down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), prevented S. enterica colonization, and regulated the composition of gut microbiota in mice, thereby modulating the host's immune regulatory capacity. Therefore, E. faecalis exerts immunoregulatory and anti-pathogenic functions in carrion crows engaged in scavenging behavior, offering a representative case of how the gut microbiota contributes to the protection of hosts with specialized diets.

Expert consensus on pediatric orthodontic therapies of malocclusions in children.

Malocclusion, identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of three major oral diseases, profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions, facial esthetics, and long-term development of ~260 million children in China. Beyond its physical manifestations, malocclusion also significantly influences the psycho-social well-being of these children. Timely intervention in malocclusion can foster an environment conducive to dental-maxillofacial development and substantially decrease the incidence of malocclusion or reduce the severity and complexity of malocclusion in the permanent dentition, by mitigating the negative impact of abnormal environmental influences on the growth. Early orthodontic treatment encompasses accurate identification and treatment of dental and maxillofacial morphological and functional abnormalities during various stages of dental-maxillofacial development, ranging from fetal stages to the early permanent dentition phase. From an economic and societal standpoint, the urgency for effective early orthodontic treatments for malocclusions in childhood cannot be overstated, underlining its profound practical and social importance. This consensus paper discusses the characteristics and the detrimental effects of malocclusion in children, emphasizing critical need for early treatment. It elaborates on corresponding core principles and fundamental approaches in early orthodontics, proposing comprehensive guidance for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment, serving as a reference for clinicians engaged in early orthodontic treatment.