Electrochemical hydrocarboxylation of enol derivatives with CO2: access to ß-acetoxycarboxylic acids.

Electrochemical hydrocarboxylation of enol acetates with CO2 is developed. The disclosed process provides ß-acetoxycarboxylic acids in 25-66% yields, in contrast to the electrolysis of ketones, silyl enol ethers and vinyl tosylates with CO2, which leads mainly to alcohols.

Hydroformylation of Olefins with CO2/H2 and Hydrosilane by Copper/Cobalt Tandem Catalysis.

A Cu/Co tandem catalysis protocol was developed to conduct the hydroformylation of olefins using CO2/H2 and PMHS (polymethylhydrosiloxane) as a readily available and environmentally friendly hydride source. This methodology was performed via a two-step approach consisting of the copper-catalyzed reduction of CO2 by hydrosilane and subsequent cobalt-promoted hydroformylation with H2 and the in situ formed CO. The optimized triphos oxide ligand, which presumably facilitates the migratory insertion of CO gives moderate to excellent yields for both terminal and internal alkenes. This earth-abundant metal catalysis provides a reliable and efficient way to afford useful aldehydes in industry using silicon by-product PMHS as hydrogen source and renewable CO2 as carbonyl source.

Interrupted Dance of Five Heteroatoms: Reinventing Ozonolysis to Make Geminal Alkoxyhydroperoxides from C═N Bonds.

Four heteroatoms dance in the cascade of four pericyclic reactions initiated by ozonolysis of C═N bonds. Switching from imines to semicarbazones introduces the fifth heteroatom that slows this dance, delays reaching the thermodynamically favorable escape path, and allows efficient interception of carbonyl oxides (Criegee intermediates, CIs) by an external nucleophile. The new three-component reaction of alcohols, ozone, and oximes/semicarbazones greatly facilitates synthetic access to monoperoxyacetals (alkoxyhydroperoxides).

Electrochemical E-Selective Semireductive Dicarboxylation of Aryl Alkynes with CO2.

Herein, we report an electrochemical protocol for the dicarboxylation of aryl alkynes using CO2. With a graphite rod as the cathode and Al as the sacrificial anode, a series of valuable butenedioic acids are obtained in moderate to excellent yields with an E/Z ratio up to 50:1. This method features high E-selectivity, high step and atom economy, easy scalability, and a nice substrate scope, which renders it appealing for promising applications in organic synthesis and materials chemistry.

CO2 Valorization in Deep Eutectic Solvents.

The deep eutectic solvent (DES) has emerged in recent years as a valuable medium for converting CO2 into valuable chemicals because of its easy availability, stability, and safety, and its capability to dissolve carbon dioxide. CO2 valorization in DES has evolved rapidly over the past 20 years. As well as being used as solvents for acid/base-promoted CO2 conversion for the production of cyclic carbonates and carbamates, DESs can be used as reaction media for electrochemical CO2 reduction for formic acid and CO. Among these products, cyclic carbonates can be used as solvents and electrolytes, carbamate derivatives include the core structure of many herbicides and pesticides, and formic acid and carbon monoxide, the C1 electrochemical products, are essential raw materials in the chemical industries. An overview of the application of DESs for CO2 valorization in recent years is presented in this review, followed by a compilation and comparison of product types and reaction mechanisms within the different types of DESs, and an outlook on how CO2 valorization will be developed in the future.

Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate via Transesterification of Ethylene Carbonate and Methanol over Mesoporous KF-loaded Mg-Fe Oxides.

A series of KF/Mg-Fe oxides were fabricated via the solid-state reaction between KF and Mg-Fe oxides. Especially, when 20 wt % KF was supported on the Mg-Fe bi-metal oxides and calcined at 400-600 °C, the solid material with more basic sites than the support itself was obtained. When applied as catalyst to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis through transesterification of ethylene carbonate (EC) and methanol, this material can afforded up to 88 % yield and 97 % selectivity toward DMC in 2 h under reflux conditions with the molar ratio of methanol to ethylene carbonate set at 8. It is worth noting that the catalyst was easily separated and reused, retaining at least 89 % catalytic activity during the first four recycles. Although an attenuated activity was still observed due to the inevitable filtration loss and dissolution, this solid base can still provide clues to the development recyclable catalyst in green synthesis of DMC.

Mononuclear Iron Pyridinethiolate Complex Promoted CO2 Photoreduction via Rapid Intramolecular Electron Transfer.

Designing earth-abundant metal complexes as efficient molecular photocatalysts for visible light-driven CO2 reduction is a key challenge in artificial photosynthesis. Here, we demonstrated the first example of a mononuclear iron pyridine-thiolate complex that functions both as a photosensitizer and catalyst for CO2 reduction. This single-component bifunctional molecular photocatalyst efficiently reduced CO2 to formate and CO with a total turnover number (TON) of 46 and turnover frequency (TOF) of 11.5 h-1 in 4 h under visible light irradiation. Notably, the quantum yield was determined to be 8.4 % for the generation of formate and CO at 400 nm. Quenching experiments indicate that high photocatalytic activity is mainly attributed to the rapid intramolecular quenching protocol. The mechanism investigation by DFT calculation and electrochemical studies revealed that the protonation of Febpy(pyS)2 is indispensable step for photocatalytic CO2 reduction.

Surpassing the Performance of Phenolate-derived Ionic Liquids in CO2 Chemisorption by Harnessing the Robust Nature of Pyrazolonates.

Superbase-derived ionic liquids (SILs) are promising sorbents to tackle the carbon challenge featured by tunable interaction strength with CO2 via structural engineering, particularly the oxygenate-derived counterparts (e. g., phenolate). However, for the widely deployed phenolate-derived SILs, unsolved stability issues severely limited their applications leading to unfavorable and diminished CO2 chemisorption performance caused by ylide formation-involved side reactions and the phenolate-quinone transformation via auto-oxidation. In this work, robust pyrazolonate-derived SILs possessing anti-oxidation nature were developed by introducing aza-fused rings in the oxygenate-derived anions, which delivered promising and tunable CO2 uptake capacity surpassing the phenolate-based SIL via a carbonate formation pathway (O-C bond formation), as illustrated by detailed spectroscopy studies. Further theoretical calculations and experimental comparisons demonstrated the more favorable reaction enthalpy and improved anti-oxidation properties of the pyrazolonate-derived SILs compared with phenolate anions. The achievements being made in this work provides a promising approach to achieve efficient carbon capture by combining the benefits of strong interaction strength of oxygenate species with CO2 and the stability improvement enabled by aza-fused rings introduction.

Molecular Engineering of Copper Phthalocyanine for CO2 Electroreduction to Methane.

Efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) to multi-electron reductive products remains a great challenge. Herein, molecular engineering of copper phthalocyanines (CuPc) was explored by modifying electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) (cyano, sulfonate anion) and electron-donating groups (EDGs) (methoxy, amino) to CuPc, then supporting onto carbon paper or carbon cloth by means of droplet coating, loading with carbon nanotubes and coating in polypyrrole (PPy). The results showed that the PPy-coated CuPc effectively catalysed ECO2RR to CH4. Interestingly, experimental results and DFT calculations indicated EWGs markedly improved the selectivity of methane for the reason that the introduction of EWGs reduces electron density of catalytic active center, resulting in a positive move to initial reduction potential. Otherwise, the modification of EDGs significantly reduces the selectivity towards methane. This electronic effect and heterogenization of CuPc are facile and effective molecular engineering, benefitting the preparation of electrocatalysts for further reduction of CO2.

Incorporating Catalytic Units into Nanomaterials: Rational Design of Multipurpose Catalysts for CO2 Valorization.

ConspectusCO2 conversion to valuable chemicals is effective at reducing CO2 emissions. We previously proposed valorization strategies and developed efficient catalysts to address thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness issues related to CO2 conversion. Earlier, we developed molecular capture reagents and catalysts to integrate CO2 capture and conversion, i.e., in situ transformation. Based on the mechanistic understanding of CO2 capture, activation, and transformation at a molecular level, we set out to develop heterogeneous catalysts by incorporating catalytic units into nanomaterials via the immobilization of active molecular catalysts onto nanomaterials and designing nanomaterials with intrinsic catalytic sites.In thermocatalytic CO2 conversion, carbonaceous and metal-organic framework (MOF)-based catalysts were developed for nonreductive and reductive CO2 conversion. Novel Cu- and Zn-based MOFs and carbon-supported Cu catalysts were prepared and successfully applied to the cycloaddition, carboxylation, and carboxylative cyclization reactions with CO2, generating cyclic carbonates, carboxyl acids, and oxazolidinones as respective target products. Reductive conversion of CO2, especially reductive functionalization with CO2, is a promising transformation strategy to produce valuable chemicals, alleviating chemical production that relies on petrochemistry. We explored the hierarchical reductive functionalization of CO2 using organocatalysts and proposed strategies to regulate the CO2 reduction level, triggering heterogeneous catalyst investigation. Introducing multiple active sites into nanomaterials opens possibilities to develop novel CO2 transformation strategies. CO2 capture and in situ conversion were realized with an N-doped carbon-supported Zn complex and MOF materials as CO2 adsorbents and catalysts. These nanomaterial-based catalysts feature high stability and excellent efficiency and act as shape-selective catalysts in some cases due to their unique pore structure.Nanomaterial-based catalysts are also appealing candidates for photocatalytic CO2 reduction (PCO2RR) and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECO2RR), so we developed a series of hybrid photo-/electrocatalysts by incorporating active metal complexes into different matrixes such as porous organic polymers (POPs), metal-organic layers (MOLs), micelles, and conducting polymers. By introducing Re-bipyridine and Fe-porphyrin complexes into POPs and regulating the structure of the polymer chain, catalyst stability and efficiency increased in PCO2RR. PCO2RR in aqueous solution was realized by designing the Re-bipyridine-containing amphiphilic polymer to form micelles in aqueous solution and act as nanoreactors. We prepared MOLs with two different metallic centers, i.e., the Ni-bipyridine site and Ni-O node, to improve the efficiency for PCO2RR due to the synergistic effect of these metal centers. Sulfylphenoxy-decorated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) cross-linked polypyrrole was prepared and used as a cathode, achieving the electrocatalytic transformation of diluted CO2 benefiting from the CO2 adsorption capability of polypyrrole. We fabricated immobilized 4-(t-butyl)-phenoxy cobalt phthalocyanine and Bi-MOF as cathodes to promote the paired electrolysis of CO2 and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and obtained CO2 reductive products and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) efficiently.

Revolutionizing Porous Liquids: Stabilization and Structural Engineering Achieved by a Surface Deposition Strategy.

Facile approaches capable of constructing stable and structurally diverse porous liquids (PLs) that can deliver high-performance applications are a long-standing, captivating, and challenging research area that requires significant attention. Herein, a facile surface deposition strategy is demonstrated to afford diverse type III-PLs possessing ultra-stable dispersion, external structure modification, and enhanced performance in gas storage and transformation by leveraging the expeditious and uniform precipitation of selected metal salts. The Ag(I) species-modified zeolite nanosheets are deployed as the porous host to construct type III-PLs with ionic liquids (ILs) containing bromide anion , leading to stable dispersion driven by the formation of AgBr nanoparticles. The as-afforded type-III PLs display promising performance in CO2 capture/conversion and ethylene/ethane separation. Property and performance of the as-produced PLs can be tuned by the cation structure of the ILs, which can be harnessed to achieve polarity reversal of the porous host via ionic exchange. The surface deposition procedure can be further extended to produce PLs from Ba(II)-functionalized zeolite and ILs containing [SO4 ]2- anion driven by the formation of BaSO4 salts. The as-produced PLs are featured by well-maintained crystallinity of the porous host, good fluidity and stability, enhanced gas uptake capacity, and attractive performance in small gas molecule utilization.

Advancements and Challenges in Reductive Conversion of Carbon Dioxide via Thermo-/Photocatalysis.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major greenhouse gas and also an abundant and renewable carbon resource. Therefore, its chemical conversion and utilization are of great attraction for sustainable development. Especially, reductive conversion of CO2 with energy input has become a current hotspot due to its ability to access fuels and various important chemicals. Nowadays, the controllable CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid and alcohols using sustainable H2 resources has been regarded as an appealing solution to hydrogen storage and CO2 accumulation. In addition, photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO also provides a potential way to utilize this greenhouse gas efficiently. Besides direct CO2 hydrogenation, CO2 reductive functionalization integrates CO2 reduction with subsequent C-X (X = N, S, C, O) bond formation and indirect transformation strategies, enlarging the diverse products derived from CO2 and promoting CO2 reductive conversion into a new stage. In this Perspective, the progress and challenges of CO2 reductive conversion, including hydrogenation, reductive functionalization, photocatalytic reduction, and photocatalytic reductive functionalization are summarized and discussed along with the key issues and future trends/directions in this field. We hope this Perspective can evoke intense interest and inspire much innovation in the promise of CO2 valorization.

Cost-Effective 2D Ultrathin Metal-Organic Layers with Bis-Metallic Catalytic Sites for Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Liang-Nian He at Nankai University. The image depicts that 2D ultrathin metal organic layers (MOLs) with bis-metallic catalytic sites make an efficient photocatalyst resulting in efficient and selective visible-light-driven CO2 reduction. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202201767.

Cobalt Phthalocyanine Cross-Linked Polypyrrole for Efficient Electroreduction of Low Concentration CO2 To CO.

Immobilizing cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) onto the electrode surface is a significant approach to performing efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2 RR). Herein, sulfylphenoxy decorated CoPc cross-linked polypyrrole is prepared by in situ polymerization on the surface of carbon cloth. The synthesized N-rich catalyst exhibits above 95 % Faradaic efficiency toward CO (FECO ) at -0.9 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) at least for 10 h in aqueous solution and even enables direct electrolysis at low CO2 concentrations, being potential for coupling ECO2 RR with CO2 capture. This facile in situ polymerization strategy would pave the way for developing efficient and practical electrocatalysis for ECO2 RR.

Nickel-Catalyzed Stereoselective Alkenylation of Ketones Mediated by Hydrazine.

The direct conversion of naturally abundant carbonyl compounds provides a powerful platform for the efficient synthesis of valuable chemicals. In particular, the conversion of ketones to alkenes is a commonly encountered chemical transformation, often achieved via the multistep Shapiro reaction with tosylhydrazone and over stoichiometric organolithium or Grignard reagent. Herein, we report an earth abundant nickel-catalyzed alkenylation of naturally abundant methylene ketones to afford a wide range of alkene derivatives, mediated by hydrazine. The protocol features a broad substrate scope (including alkyl ketones, aryl ketones, and aldehydes), good functional group compatibility, mild reaction conditions, water tolerance, and only environmentally friendly N2, H2, and H2O as theoretical byproducts. Moreover, gram-scale synthesis with good yield and generation of pharmaceutical intermediates highlighted its practical applicability.

Cost-Effective 2D Ultrathin Metal-Organic Layers with Bis-Metallic Catalytic Sites for Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

As novel generated 2D materials, metal-organic layers (MOLs) have recently emerged as a potential platform for photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (PCO2 RR). Such 2D structures negate the blemish of low-density catalytic sites and low electron transmission efficiency on the surface of metal organic frameworks (MOFs), while retaining the advantage of low expenditure when using earth-abundant metal nodes and meritorious applicability in the PCO2 RR. Herein, it is reported that the 2D ultrathin layer material with bis-metallic catalytic sites (Ni-O metal node and the Ni-N metal site) from bidentate ligand 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylate (H2 bpydc) and nickel(II) remarkably boosts the visible light-driven PCO2 RR performance with a CO yield of 2400 mmol g-1 for 18 h and a selectivity up to 99 %. Consequently, the effects of morphology, catalytic sites and intrinsic properties on PCO2 RR efficiency have been investigated in detail. In this context, the ultrathin layer structure has been elucidated as the key point to facilitate electron transfer efficiency. Notably, the bis-metallic catalytic sites with reasonable distance between two adjacent metals presumably induce synergistic effect and offer a guiding ideology for further designing high performance photocatalysts.

Biomass-Based N-Rich Porous Carbon Materials for CO2 Capture and in-situ Conversion.

Capturing CO2 and subsequently converting into valuable chemicals has attracted extensive attention. Herein, a series of biomass-based N-rich porous carbon materials with high specific surface area and pore volume were prepared using biomass waste soybean dregs as precursors. The nitrogen content was up to 4 % with different forms in the carbon skeleton such as pyridine-N, pyrrole-N. The synergistic effect of ultra-micropore (pore size <0.7 nm) and N-containing groups endowed the materials with a high CO2 adsorption capacity, reaching 6.3 and 3.6 mmol g-1 at 0 and 25 °C under atmospheric pressure, respectively. In addition, the sufficient interaction between N-containing groups and CO2 was demonstrated by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the captured CO2 was possibly activated in the form of carbamate, which is conducive to subsequent conversion. Therefore, the supported catalyst with the as-synthetic porous carbon material as the carrier and ZnII as catalytic sites was prepared and successfully applied for carboxylative cyclization of propargylic amine with CO2 to afford the 3-benzyl-5-methyleneoxazolidin-2-one. The results showed that CO2 capture and in-situ conversion work effectively to produce highly value-added chemicals. In this process, the captured CO2 could be activated and fixed into chemicals in mild conditions. More importantly, the energy consumption in CO2 desorption and adsorbent regeneration could be avoided. The valorization of both solid waste and CO2 to valuable chemicals provides an elegant strategy of killing three birds with one stone.

Molecular Engineering of Metal Complexes for Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction: From Adjustment of Intrinsic Activity to Molecular Immobilization.

The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2 RR) is one promising method for storing intermittent clean energy in chemical bonds and producing fuels. Among various kinds of catalysts for ECO2 RR, molecular metal complexes with well-defined structures are convenient for studies of their rational design, structure-reactivity relationships, and mechanisms. In this Review, we summarize the molecular engineering of several N-based metal complexes including Re/Mn bipyridine compounds and metal macrocycles, concluding with general modification strategies to devise novel molecular catalysts with high intrinsic activity. Through physical adsorption, covalent linking, and formation of a periodic backbone, these active molecules can be heterogenized into immobilized catalysts with more practical prospects. Finally, significant challenges and opportunities based on molecular catalysts are discussed.

Palladium-catalyzed carboxylative cyclization of propargylic amines with aryl iodides, CO2 and CO under ambient pressure.

A palladium-catalyzed four-component carboxylative cyclization comprising propargylic amines, aryl iodides, CO2 and CO was developed. By selecting Et3N and 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) as the base, respectively, both terminal and internal propargylic amines proceeded well facilitated by Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, affording the functionalized 2-oxazolones in moderate yields. This protocol enlarges the product diversity based on CO2 conversion and simultaneously provides a cooperative transformation route for both CO2 and CO.

Highly Robust Rhenium(I) Bipyridyl Complexes Containing Dipyrromethene-BF2 Chromophores for Visible Light-Driven CO2 Reduction.

New rhenium bipyridyl complexes with dipyrromethene-BF2 chromophores (A-ReBDP-CZ, A-ReBDP2 , ReBDP-CZ, and ReBDP2 ) were developed for highly efficient photocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2 ) reduction to carbon monoxide (CO). These catalysts consisted of two moderate electron-deficient groups (dipyrromethene-BF2 , BDP) as the visible-light-harvesting antenna as well as both electron donor (N-phenylcarbazole, CZ) and acceptor (BDP) on Re bipyridyl framework. Among ReBDP-CZ and ReBDP2 complexes, the ReBDP2 incorporating two electron-deficient BDP chromophores had a longer-lived photoexcited state (182.4 µs) and a twofold enhanced molar absorption coefficient (ϵ=157000 m-1 cm-1 ) compared with ReBDP-CZ. Thus, ReBDP2 achieved the superior photocatalytic reactivity and stability with a CO turnover number (TONCO ) value as high as 1323 and quantum yield (ΦCO ) up to 55 %, which was the most excellent photocatalysis efficiency among the single-active-site Re catalysts without additional photosensitizer. Furthermore, the acetylene-bridged linker was detrimental to the photoactivity and durability of the catalyst. In brief, two BDP-based Re bipyridyl systems with outstanding catalytic performance and significant visible-light-harvesting capabilities in the solar spectrum offer a promising strategy for solar-to-fuel conversion schemes.