ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The distribution characteristics of intrathecal drugs and the limitation of current catheterization techniques make traditional intrathecal analgesic treatment nearly useless for refractory craniofacial pain, such as trigemina neuralgia. This technical guideline aims to promote the widespread and standardize the application of intra-prepontine cisternal drug delivery via spinal puncture and catheterization. METHODS: A modified Delphi approach was used to work for this guideline. On the issues related to the intra-prepontine cisternal targeted drug delivery technique, the working group consulted 10 experts from the field with 3 rounds of email feedback and 3 rounds of conference discussion. RESULTS: For the efficacy and safety of the intra-prepontine cisternal targeted drug delivery technique, a consensus was formed on 7 topics (with an agreement rate of more than 80%), including the principles of the technique, indications and contraindications, patient preparation, surgical specifications for intra-prepontine cisternal catheter placement, analgesic dosage coordination, analgesic management, and prevention and treatment of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing the intra-prepontine cisternal drug infusion system to manage refractory craniofacial pain could provide advantages in terms of minimally invasive, secure, and effective treatment. This application can not only alleviate the suffering of individuals experiencing the prolonged pain but also support the maintenance of quality of life and dignity in their final moments, justifiing its widespread dissemination and standardized adoption in domestic and international professional fields.
Subject(s)
Quality of Life , Spinal Puncture , Humans , Facial Pain , Catheterization , AnalgesicsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sealing ability of GuttaFlow2 single cone obturation in curved root canals. METHODS: (1) Slight, moderate and severe curved 3D printed root canals were made. After instrumentation, these samples were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 10) according to different root canal filling techniques: GuttaFlow2 single cone group (GF2) and AH-Plus warm vertical compation group (WVC). All the samples were sectioned at 2 mm to apex (the apical of the root), 4 mm, 6 mm to apex (the middle of the root) and 8 mm to apex (the coronal of the root). The filling void areas were observed by stereomicroscope, and the percentages of void areas in each section were calculated by ImageJ 1.52a. (2) Forty-eight roots of extracted adult molars were selected. After instrumentation, they were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 8): GF2 group and WVC group. Before root canal filling, the sea-lers were mixed with Rhodamine B dye for visualization under confocal laser scanning microscope. All samples were sectioned at 2 mm to apex (the apical of the root), 5 mm to apex (the middle of the root) and 8 mm to apex(the coronal of the root). Then, the percentages of sealer penetration into dentinal tubules in each section were calculated. RESULTS: At the apical of the root, there were no obvious voids in slight, moderate and severe curved canals in the GF2 group and the WVC group. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). At the middle of the root, there was no significant difference in the percentages of void areas between the two filling methods, but at the coronal of the root, there were more voids in the slight curved root canal in the GF2 group than in the WVC group, and the difference was significant (P = 0.009). The percentages of sealer penetration into dentinal tubules of slight, moderate and severe curved root canals in the GF2 group were 36.10%, 55.80%, 65.08%, respectively. And they were all higher than those in the WVC group (15.78%, 20.70%, 15.61%), respectively, the difference between the two groups was significant (P = 0.001). At the middle of the root, the percentages of sealer penetration into dentinal tubules of slight and moderate curved root canals in GF2 group were also significantly higher than those in the WVC group (P = 0.001). At the coronal of the root, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: GuttaFlow2 filling technique has the same sealing effect on the root canal at the apical and middle of the root as the warm vertical technique, but has a better sealing effect on the dentin tubules, especially for severe curved root canal.
Subject(s)
Root Canal Filling Materials , Dental Pulp Cavity , Root Canal Preparation , Root Canal Therapy , Root Canal Obturation/methods , Gutta-PerchaABSTRACT
Constructing porous structures in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials is a common strategy to decrease the secondary pollution caused by the reflection of electromagnetic waves (EMWs). However, the lack of direct analysis methods makes it difficult to fully understand the effect of porous structures on EMI, hindering EMI composites' development. Furthermore, while deep learning techniques, such as deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), have significantly impacted material science, their lack of interpretability limits their applications to property predictions and defect detection tasks. Until recently, advanced visualization techniques provided an approach to reveal the relevant information behind DCNNs' decisions. Inspired by it, a visual approach for porous EMI nanocomposite mechanism studies is proposed. This work combines DCNN visualization with experiments to investigate EMI porous nanocomposites. First, a rapid and straightforward salt-leaked cold-pressing powder sintering method is employed to prepare high-EMI CNTs/PVDF composites with various porosities and filler loadings. Notably, the solid sample with 30 wt % loading maintains an ultrahigh shielding effectiveness of 105 dB. The influence of porosity on the shielding mechanism is discussed macroscopically based on the prepared samples. To determine the shielding mechanism, a modified deep residual network (ResNet) is trained on a dataset of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the samples. The Eigen-CAM visualization of the modified ResNet intuitively shows that the amount and depth of the pores impact the shielding mechanisms and that shallow pore structures contribute less to EMW absorption. This work is instructive for material mechanism studies. Besides, the visualization has the potential as a porous-like structure marking tool.
ABSTRACT
Background: While the relationship between blood pressure and blood lead has been studied more extensively, the effect of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration on this relationship remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of HDL concentration on the relationship between blood lead and blood pressure. Methods: The research used cross-sectional data from the 2005 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which included 16,451 participants aged 20-60 years. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the correlation among blood lead, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). HDL concentration was determined by low HDL concentration (≤ 49 mg/dl) and high HDL concentration (>49 mg/dl) stratified. The effect of HDL concentration was assessed by an interaction test between blood lead and SBP in multivariable linear regression. Results: In this cross-sectional research, we identified a positive correlation between blood lead and SBP, but not DBP. The relationship between blood lead and SBP was different in the group with low and high HDL concentrations (ß: 0.21 95% Cl:-0.05-0.46 vs. ß:0.47 95% Cl: 0.15-0.79). In addition, high HDL significantly altered the positive correlation between blood lead and SBP (P-value of interaction < 0.001). Conclusion: The study suggests an interaction between HDL and blood lead in elevating SBP, which may have important clinical implications.
ABSTRACT
Previous studies have shown that peripheral ionotropic glutamate receptors are involved in the increase in sensitivity of a cutaneous branch of spinal dorsal ramus (CBDR) through antidromic electrical stimulation (ADES) of another CBDR in the adjacent segment. CBDR in the thoracic segments run parallel to each other and no synaptic contact at the periphery is reported. The present study investigated whether the increased sensitivity of peripheral sensory nerves via ADES of a CBDR induced Fos expression changes in the adjacent segments of the spinal cord. Fos expression increased in the T8 - T12 segments of the spinal cord evoked by ADES of the T10 CBDR in rats. The increased Fos expression in the T11 and T12, but not T8 - T10 spinal cord segments, was significantly blocked by local application of either N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) or non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) into the receptive field of T11 CBDR. The results suggest that endogenous glutamate released by ADES of sensory nerve may bind to peripheral ionotropic glutamate receptors and activate adjacent sensory nerve endings to increase the sensitivity of the spinal cord. These data reveal the potential mechanisms of neuron activation in the spinal cord evoked by peripheral sensitization.
