Synthesis of two quasi-optical polarizers for the multi-frequency high-power millimeter wave system.

Millimeter wave systems based on powerful gyrotron can deliver megawatt microwave power, which is an important auxiliary heating method for magnetic confinement fusion devices. Reflective gratings are normally used as quasi-optical polarizers for polarization control of the wave in such systems. Based on the coordinate transformation method, we developed a numerical code to study the broadband polarization strategy. By considering the synthesis of two polarizers, we designed a pair of polarizers in the W band. Calculation results indicated that almost arbitrary polarization can be achieved in a wide frequency range. To verify the design, we set up a low-power test platform and experiments were carried out. The performance of the polarizers was tested from 80 to 105 GHz with a step of 5 GHz. The test results agreed well with the numerical results, indicating that the design is reasonable. With the development of multi-frequency gyrotrons, the study in this paper can be used as a reference for the design of broadband polarizers of multi-frequency millimeter wave systems.

[Progress in research of influencing factors of prophylaxis drug use after non-occupational exposure to HIV].

Non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP), a biological means to block the transmission of HIV, is recommended by European countries, USA and WHO to use in HIV high-risk groups, but its utilization rate is still very low. The information-motivation-behavioral skills model (IMB) can accurately explain the prevalence and change of health behaviors. Based on this model, this paper summarizes the progress in research of the influencing factors for nPEP use to provide a basis for further research to promote the use of nPEP.

[Status and influencing factors of antiretroviral treatment referred by case reporting institutions among HIV/AIDS cases in Beijing, 2017-2019].

Objective: To understand the status of antiretroviral treatment (ART) referred by the case reporting institutions among HIV/AIDS cases and influencing factors in Beijing. Methods: From June 1, 2017 to April 30, 2019, the data of 4 917 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) collected from National HIV/AIDS Information System and ART institutions were used to understand the status of ART and influencing factors. No records of ART was defined as referral failure and an interval of more than 15 days between diagnosis of HIV infection and ART initiation was defined as delayed ART. Results: Among the 4 917 HIV/AIDS cases, 16.53% (813/4 917) had referral failure. Among the 4 104 PLWHA who received ART, 30.63% (1 257/4 104) had delayed ART, the median of the interval was 27 days (P(25)-P(75):19-42 days). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HIV/AIDS cases who were reported by comprehensive hospitals (compared with ART servicers, OR=1.65, 95%CI: 1.30-2.08), in HIV phase (compared with AIDS phase, OR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.34-2.11), with educational level of junior middle school or below (compared with colleague graduate or above, OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.13-1.79), unemployed (compared with civil servants or staffs, OR=1.32, 95%CI:1.02-1.70), infected through heterosexual behavior (compared with homosexual behavior, OR=1.40, 95%CI: 1.15-1.72), diagnosed in special survey (compared with testing and counseling, OR=1.87, 95%CI: 1.34-2.60) or blood donation (OR=3.52, 95%CI: 1.79-6.92), were more likely to have referral failures. And the PLWHA who were reported by CDCs (OR=1.43, 95%CI: 1.07-1.92) or comprehensive hospitals (compared with ART servicers, OR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.32-1.98), reported by rural reporting institutions (compared with urban reporting institutions, OR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.01-1.52), in HIV phase (compared with AIDS phase, OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.19-1.70), non-Beijing residence (compared with Beijing residence, OR=1.26, 95%CI: 1.07-1.48), diagnosed in blood donation examination (compared with STD clinics, OR=2.74, 95%CI: 1.21-6.22) were more likely to have delayed ART. Conclusions: The rate of referral failure and delayed ART varied among HIV/AIDS cases with different characteristics. It is still necessary to take effective measures to promote ART in order to reduce referral failure and delayed ART.

Molecular characterization of insulin-like peptides in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).

Insulin-like peptides (ILPs) including insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and relaxin are evolutionarily conserved hormones in metazoans, and they are involved in diverse physiological processes. The migratory brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, encodes four ILP genes (Nlilp1, Nlilp2, Nlilp3 and Nlilp4) but their physiological roles are largely unknown. Sequence analysis showed that NlILP1 contained a relaxin-specific G protein-coupled receptor-binding motif and a variant motif of cysteine residues, and NlILP2 and NlILP4 resembled vertebrate IGFs. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing showed that depletion of each of Nlilp1, 2 and 3 significantly delayed the developmental duration of nymphs, and this effect could be exacerbated by double or triple gene depletion. Depletion of Nlilp1, Nlilp2 or Nlilp3 induces the accumulation of glucose, trehalose and glycogen, which is contradictory to depletion of the insulin receptor (NlInR1) in the BPH. Depletion of Nlilp1 significantly enhanced starvation resistance in both females and males although its extent was smaller than NlInR1 depletion. A parental RNAi assay showed that depletion of each of Nlilp1-4 dramatically impaired female fecundity. These findings indicate that NlILP1-4 have redundant and distinct roles in physiological processes in the BPH, thereby enhancing our understanding of the contribution of each NlILP to the ecological success of this species in natural habitats.

Cardiac µ-opioid receptor contributes to opioid-induced cardioprotection in chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: The therapeutic potential of cardiac µ-opioid receptors in ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury during opioid-modulating diseases, such as heart failure, is unknown. We aimed to explore the changes of cardiac µ-opioid receptor expression during heart failure, and its role in opioid-induced cardioprotection. METHODS: Rats received doxorubicin (DOX) or were subjected to coronary artery ligation to induce heart failure, or received normal saline (NS) as control. Hearts from NS or DOX rats were isolated and subjected to myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in an in vitro perfusion system. The opioid [D-Ala,2N-MePhe,4 Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO), with a high µ-opioid receptor specificity, morphine, and remifentanil were administrated before I/R with or without opioid receptor antagonists, or an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor. RESULTS: Cardiac µ-opioid receptor mRNA concentrations were 3.2 times elevated in DOX-treated rats compared with NS rats, while cardiac µ-opioid receptor protein concentrations showed 6.1- and 3.5-fold increases in DOX-treated and post-infarcted rats, respectively. DAMGO reduced I/R-caused infarct size, expressed as the ratio of area at risk, from 0.50 (0.04) to 0.25 (0.03) in failing rat hearts, but had no effect on infarct size in control hearts. DAMGO promoted phosphorylation of ERK and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3ß only in failing hearts. DAMGO-mediated cardioprotection was blocked by an ERK inhibitor. The µ-opioid receptor antagonist D-Pen-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP) prevented morphine- and remifentanil-induced cardioprotection and phosphorylation of ERK and GSK-3ß in failing hearts. In contrast, δ- and κ-opioid receptor selective antagonists were less potent than CTOP in the failing hearts. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac µ-opioid receptors were substantially up-regulated during heart failure, which increased DAMGO-induced cardioprotection against I/R injury.

[Survival time of HIV/AIDS cases and related factors in Beijing, 1995-2015].

Objective: To analyze the survival time of HIV/AIDS cases and related factors in Beijing from 1995 to 2015. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the data of 12 874 HIV/AIDS cases. The data were collected from Chinese HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Information Management System. Life table method was applied to calculate the survival proportion, and Cox proportion hazard regression model were used to identify the factors related with survival time. Results: Among 12 874 HIV/AIDS cases, 303 (2.4%) died of AIDS related diseases; 9 346 (72.6%) received antiretroviral therapy. The average survival time was 226.5 months (95%CI: 223.0-230.1), and the survival rates of 1, 5, 10, and 15 years were 98.2%, 96.4%, 93.2%, and 91.9% respectively. Multivariate Cox proportion hazard regression model showed that AIDS phase (HR=1.439, 95%CI: 1.041-1.989), heterosexual transmission (HR=1.646, 95%CI: 1.184-2.289), being married (HR=2.186, 95%CI: 1.510-3.164); older age (≥60 years) at diagnosis (HR=6.608, 95%CI: 3.546-12.316); lower CD(4)(+)T cell counts at diagnosis (<350 cells/µl) (HR=8.711, 95%CI: 5.757-13.181); receiving no antiretroviral therapy (ART) (HR=18.223, 95%CI: 13.317-24.937) were the high risk factors influencing the survival of AIDS patients compared with HIV phase, homosexual transmission, being unmarried, younger age (≤30 years), higher CD(4)(+)T cell count (≥350 cell/µl) and receiving ART. Conclusion: The average survival time of HIV/AIDS cases was 226.5 months after diagnoses. Receiving ART, higher CD(4)(+)T cell counts at the first test, HIV phase, younger age, being unmarried and the homosexual transmission were related to the longer survival time of HIV/AIDS cases. Receiving no ART, the lower CD(4)(+)T cell counts at the first test, AIDS phase, older age, being married and heterosexual transmission indicated higher risk of death due to AIDS.

[A retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics, diagnosis in patients with unilateral sinus disease].

Objective:The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical features in patients with unilateral sinus disease.Method:A retrospective review of 2 480 patients who had undergone sinus surgery was performed. The clinical data were gathered and analyzed to investigate the features of the unilateral sinus disease. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed.Result:1 350 patients (54.4%) who had bilateral sinus disease were all diagnosed as chronic rhinosinusitis pathologically confirmed after surgery. Unilateral sinus disease was identified in 1 130 patients (45.6%) and the disease entities were categorized as chronic rhinosinusitis (589 patients, 52.1%), fungal rhinosinusitis (312 patients, 27.6%), inverted papilloma (95 patients, 8.4%), sinus cyst (78 patients, 6.9%), malignant tumor (34 patients, 3%), osteoma including osteodysplasia fibrosa (11 patients, 1%) and others (11 patients, 1%) . Among the patients of malignant tumor, there were 13 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 6 cases of malignant lymphoma, 4 cases of sarcoma, 4 cases of melanoma, 3 cases of adenocystic carcinoma, 1 case of verrucous carcinoma, 1 case of metastases from liver, 1 case of plasmacytoma,and 1 case of hemangiopericytoma. The number of fungal rhinosinusitis patient increased year by year. The common major presenting symptom for fungal rhinosinusitis was headache (46.8%) and bloody discharge (31.1%). Male accounted for a large part of both inverted papilloma and malignant tumor patients, both of which CT findings that correlated with the presence was the absorption and destruction of the sinus wall. Thirty-one cases (32.6%) of inverted papilloma patients recurred. Bloody discharge (58.8%) was major symptom of the malignant tumor.Conclusion:There were almost a half of unilateral sinus diseases that were not common chronic rhinosinusitis, in which the incidence of fungal rhinosinusitis, inverted papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma and other kinds of benign and malignant tumor was high. A careful history taking and endoscopic examination play a key role as well as imaging examination in identifying unilateral sinus disease, which is important for reaching a correct diagnosis and treatment.

[Surveillance for HIV infection in MSM selected through respondent driven sampling in Beijing, 2005-2012].

Objective: To understand the HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) and discuss the feasibility of respondent driven sampling (RDS) as a tool to conduct long term HIV surveillance in MSM in Beijing. Methods: From 2005 to 2012 RDS was used to recruit MSM for face-to-face interview with structured questionnaire to collect their demographic characteristics and HIV risk-related behavior. Blood samples were collected from them for HIV test. Results: A total of 427, 540, 607, 614, 616, 602, 579 and 600 MSM were surveyed, respectively, from 2005 to 2012. The HIV infection prevalence increased from 4.2%(95%CI: 1.9-7.0) in 2005 to 10.1% (95%CI: 7.2-13.2) in 2012 (P=0.02). Meanwhile, HIV prevalence substantially increased among MSM aged >25 years, in floating population and with lower education level (≤high school), from 6.4%(95%CI: 2.2-9.5), 3.3%(95%CI: 1.8-5.4) and 5.5% (95%CI: 2.2-8.9) in 2005 to 7.6% (95%CI: 5.4-10.3, P=0.04), 10.7% (95% CI: 7.8-14.6, P=0.04) and 10.4% (95% CI:7.2-14.3, P=0.04) in 2012, respectively. Moreover, the HIV infection prevalence in MSM aged ≤25 years old and with higher education level (>high school) increased from 1.7%(95%CI: 0.4-3.1) in 2009 and 1.1%(95%CI: 0.2-1.7) in 2007 to 13.7%(95%CI: 7.2-20.4) and 9.1%(95%CI: 4.7-13.8) in 2012, respectively, the differences were not significant. Furthermore, the HIV infection prevalence in MSM who had 2-9 male sex partners in the last six months increased from 4.0% (95% CI: 1.0-8.0) in 2005 to 12.6% (95% CI: 8.7-16.7) in 2012 (P=0.02). Conclusions: Studies have shown that RDS is an effective and feasible sampling method for long term HIV surveillance in MSM. The HIV infection prevalence in MSM in Beijing increased from 2005 to 2012, especially among those with older age, in floating population and with lower educational level. More attention should be paid to MSM with younger age and with higher educational level.

Effect of intra-operative high inspired oxygen fraction on surgical site infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infection (SSI) causes significant mortality and morbidity. Administration of a high inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) to patients undergoing surgery may represent a potential preventive strategy. AIM: To conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in which high FiO2 was compared with normal FiO2 in patients undergoing surgery to estimate the effect on the development of SSI. METHODS: A comprehensive search was undertaken for randomized controlled trials (until December 2015) that compared high FiO2 with normal FiO2 in adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia and reported on SSI. FINDINGS: This study included 17 randomized controlled trials with 8093 patients. Infection rates were 13.11% in the control group and 11.53% in the hyperoxic group, while the overall risk ratio was 0.893 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.794-1.003; P = 0.057]. Subgroup analyses stratified by country, definition of SSI, and type of surgery were also performed, and showed similar results. However, high FiO2 was found to be of significant benefit in patients undergoing colorectal surgery, with a risk ratio of 0.735 (95% CI 0.573-0.944; P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: There is moderate evidence to suggest that administration of high FiO2 to patients undergoing surgery, especially colorectal surgery, reduces the risk of SSI. Further studies with better adherence to the intervention may affect the results of this meta-analysis.

Characteristics and prognostic factors for head and neck non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The head and neck region is the second most frequent anatomical site of extranodal lymphomas. These tumours affect many individuals worldwide, justifying epidemiological studies in different countries. This study evaluated the characteristics, treatments and prognostic factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck in Chinese patients. METHOD: The clinical manifestations, clinicopathological characteristics, multidisciplinary treatment and prognostic factors for 102 patients with extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck were analysed retrospectively. RESULT: The tonsil was the most commonly involved primary site, followed by the nasal cavity. The most common histological subtype was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, followed by natural killer T-cell lymphoma. Patients receiving a combination of rituximab and chemotherapy did better than those receiving chemotherapy alone. Prognosis was significantly associated with both International Prognostic Index and histological subtype; the former was especially strongly associated with poor survival. CONCLUSION: In this group of Chinese patients, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most common pathological subtype, but the incidence of T-cell lymphomas was higher than that reported in the USA. Combined rituximab and chemotherapy led to better outcomes than chemotherapy alone. Prognosis depended on both International Prognostic Index and histological subtype.

Genetic engineering of avian pathogenic E. coli to study the functions of FimH adhesin.

Adhesion of pathogen to host cells is an important prerequisite for successful colonization and establishment of the pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to examine the function of FimH adhesin in the adherence of avian pathogenic E. coli to porcine intestinal epithelial cell lines (IPEC-J2) and human lung epithelial cell line (A549) in an in vitro infection model. Three strains of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and one strain of non-pathogenic E coli were used. The isogenic FimH mutants were constructed by lambda Red-mediated recombination system. The wild types and mutants strains were adhered to the host cells with different adherence patterns in certain incubation time. The results demonstrated that the adherence of the isogenic FimH mutants to the porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were similar to those of wild types. However, the adherences of isogenic FimH mutants to human lung epithelial cells (A549) were significantly different from the wild types. A549 cell can be used as a type of cell model for colonization of the chicken extraintestinal. FimH offers a unique opportunity to investigate the role of the strength of adhesion independently from the many other factors that may affect surface colonization.

Mortality attributable to cigarette smoking in China.

CONTEXT: The few published prospective studies of smoking and mortality in China have reported low relative risks, but the durations of follow-up were short. OBJECTIVE: To assess the mortality of ever- and never-smokers in a cohort after 20 years of follow-up. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS: A cohort analytic study in a machinery factory in Xi'an, China, involving 1696 people aged 35 years or older (1124 men and 572 women) examined in May 1976. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All-cause and tobacco-associated mortality. RESULTS: A total of 56% of the men and 12% of the women were ever-smokers at baseline. Through August 31, 1996, 218 persons (173 men and 45 women) had died. The relative risks (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for ever smoking (after adjusting for age, marital status, occupation, education, diastolic blood pressure, and triglyceride and cholesterol levels) for deaths resulting from all causes, all cancer, and coronary heart disease were, respectively, 2.42 (95% CI, 1.72-3.42), 2.50 (95% CI, 1.41-4.43), and 3.61 (95% CI, 1.35-9.67) in men and 2.32 (95% CI, 1.18-4.56), 1.98 (95% CI, 0.50-7.92), and 4.67 (95% CI, 0.78-27.8) in women. CONCLUSIONS: Previous prospective studies of smoking-related mortality in China tended to underestimate the risks, probably because of short durations of follow-up. We have demonstrated that smoking is a major cause of death in China, and the risks are similar to those seen in the United States and the United Kingdom. Thus, about half of the 300 million smokers in China will eventually die of smoking-related diseases if urgent tobacco-control measures are not instituted to prevent this growing epidemic.

[Changes in membrane potential of cultured mouse neuron during mitosis].

Primarily cultured dorsal root ganglion cells and olfactory bulb cells were dissected from 12 to 14-d-old fetal C57 BL/6 J mice. After the cells were cultured for about two weeks, the growing status of cells were observed and the membrane potentials(MP) were recorded. The results show that mean value of the MP in anaphase was -68 +/- 3.1 mV (SE, n = 3), same as in interphase: Beginning from telophase, the cell membrane in the equator contracted gradually to become a concave ditch, and the MP decreased obviously, the mean value was -23.3 +/- 3.3 mV (SE, n = 6). After this, MP recovered gradually, till it divided into two sister cells. MP which were recorded separately in two sister cells were similar. But usually MP did not recovered to their normal values immediately.

[Voltage-dependent potassium currents in rat C6 glioma cells].

In the present study, the properties of voltage-dependent K- currents in cultured rat C6 glioma cells were investigated with the whole cell patch-clamp recording technique. A total of 97 cells were recorded. The mean value of the membrane potential was -47.5 +/- 9.4 mV. Seven percent of the recorded C6 glioma cells did not show any outward potassium currents. The rest had outward K+ currents which could be activated at -36.5 +/- 5.9 mV from a holding potential of -70 mV. Ananalysis of tail currents, showed the mean value of the reversal potential was -84.6 +/- 4.1 mV, close to the K+ equilibrium potential. The K+ currents of 60% of the recorded C6 cells consisted of both a fast and a slow component, while those of the 33% only with a slow component.

[Inhibition of voltage-dependent K+ currents in rat C6 glioma cells by haloperidol and R(-)-NPA].

In this study, the inhibitory effects of R(-)-NPA (R(-)-Propylnorapomorphine) and haloperidol on voltage-dependent K+ currents in rat C6 glioma cells (C6 cells) were observed by means of the whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique. The mechanisms of the effects were also analyzed. The main results were as follows: (1) Both R(-)-NPA and haloperidol could inhibit K+ currents dose-dependently and reversibly in C6 cells. (2) R(-)-NPA and haloperidol inhibited mainly the slow component of the K+ currents. (3) These inhibitory responses were not mediated by dopamine receptors or dependent on G-proteins and intracellular calcium. It was suggested that they refer to some direct action on K+ channels.

[Direct modulatory effects of G proteins on voltage-dependent ion channels of nerve cells].

Neurotransmitters have regulative effects on voltage-dependent ion channels of nerve cells. Recent studies have shown that voltage-dependent channels were modulated by transmitters through direct interactions between G proteins and channels without any known second messengers being involved. This gave us a novel understanding of the relations between G proteins and voltage-dependent ion channels. This article reviews the phenomena, characteristics, and mechanisms about voltage-dependent channels modulated by transmitters through direct effects of G proteins.

[Effects of long-term hypoxia on intracellular pH and membrane potential of cultured rat carotid body glomus cells].

In the present study, the effects of long-term hypoxia on cultured glomus cells of rat carotid body were investigated. Spraque-Dawley (SD) rats (weighing about 100 g) were kept in a decompression chamber for 7-10 days to simulate the environment at an altitude of 5,000 m above sea level at first. Then the carotid bodies were removed from the anesthetized animals and dissociated to obtain individuals or small clusters of glomus cells. These cells were cultured under hypoxic condition (11% O2, 5% CO2, 84% N2) for 2-3 days. Control samples from normal SD rats (normoxic rat) were cultured in normoxic (21% O2, 5% CO2, 74% N2) or hypoxic conditions. Intracellular pH (pHi) and membrane potential (MP) of glomus cells of both the groups were simultaneously measured with pH-sensitive and conventional microelectrodes. The results indicate that: (1) Long-term hypoxia decreased pHi and increased MP of the cultured glomus cells to a degree far greater than acute hypoxia did; (2) The mean pHi and MP of the glomus cells of the normoxic rat, but cultured under hypoxic environment, recovered approximately to control values when measured under normoxic condition, whereas those of the long-term hypoxic rat cells did not.

Correlation of serum lipids, lipoproteins, lipid peroxide products and metals with coronary heart disease.

Serum lipids, lipoproteins, malondialdelyde (MDA) and metal levels were determined in 86 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) proved angiographically and 33 controls subjects. Serum concentrations of TC, LDL-C, AI, MDA and Cu were significantly elevated and serum HDL-C, Zn and Mg contents were decreased markedly in patients. Correlation analyses indicated that the severity of coronary arterial lesions was related positively to serum TC, LDL-C, AI, MDA and Cu levels, and inversely to HDL-C levels; both the serum Cu and MDA contents were related positively to TC and LDL-C levels. These data suggest that serum Cu and MDA might have effects on the extent of CA lesions during the progress of atherosclerosis in patients with CHD.

[Effect of hypoxia on membrane potential and input resistance of cultured carotid body glomus cells in rat].

Carotid bodies were removed from rats (50-100 g) under sodium pentobarbitone anesthesia and dissociated by mechanical means to obtain small clusters and single glomus cells to be cultured under normoxic (5% CO2, 20% O2, 75% N2, 37 degrees C) or hypoxic (5% CO2, 10% O2, 85% N2, 37 degrees C) conditions for 3-5 days. They are respectively called normoxic or hypoxic cells. The membrane potential (MP) and input resistance (Ri) of the normoxic cells were measured under normoxic condition as controls. The results show that MP of the normoxic cells measured under hypoxic condition increased in about half the cells and decreased in an other half. The percentage of cells with increased MP was higher under 100% N2 than under hypoxia. The MP and Ri of the hypoxic cells measured under normoxia were not significantly different from the control values, but the MP and Ri of the hypoxic cells measured under hypoxia were significantly higher than those of the control (MP: P < 0.01, Ri: P < 0.05). The results suggest that oxygen sensing of the carotid body is reflected by changes in MP and Ri of the glomus cells.