Variation in Nitrogen Utilization and Nutrient Composition across Various Organs under Different Strip Logging Management Models in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Forest.

The rapid restoration and renewal of the moso bamboo logging zone after strip logging has emerged as a key research area, particularly regarding whether nutrient accumulation and utilization in reserve zones can aid in the restoration and regeneration of the logging zone. In this study, a dynamic 15N isotope tracking experiment was conducted by injecting labeled urea fertilizer into bamboo culms. Logging zones and reserve zones of 6 m, 8 m, and 10 m widths were established. The conventional selective logging treatment served as a control (Con). Measurements were taken in May and October to assess the differences in nitrogen accumulation ability, utilization rates, and nutrient content across different organs in bamboo forests at different growth stages and under different treatments. Principal component analysis was conducted to evaluate and determine the importance of each indicator and strip logging treatment comprehensively. The results showed that various bamboo organs exhibited higher nitrogen accumulation and utilization rates during the peak growth period compared to the late growth period. Leaves had the highest nitrogen accumulation and utilization rates than the other organs. The average C content in various bamboo organs under different logging treatments exhibited subtle differences, irrespective of variation in logging width treatments. Bamboo culm exhibited the highest carbon accumulation. The C content in various bamboo organs was higher during the peak growth period than in the late growth period. The nitrogen content peaked in the leaves during the two growth stages and was significantly higher compared to the other organs. Most bamboo organs in the logging zones exhibited relatively higher nitrogen content than in the reserve zone and Con group. The P content was highest in bamboo leaves compared with other organs across the different strip logging treatments. Principal component analysis revealed relatively high absolute values of the coefficients for the C content, bamboo stump C content, and culm Ndff%. Log8 and Res10 zones had the highest comprehensive evaluation scores, indicating that Log8 and Res10 had the best effect on the promotion of nitrogen utilization and nutrient accumulation in various organs of moso bamboo.

Variability in Leaf Color Induced by Chlorophyll Deficiency: Transcriptional Changes in Bamboo Leaves.

The diversity of leaf characteristics, particularly leaf color, underscores a pivotal area of inquiry within plant science. The synthesis and functionality of chlorophyll, crucial for photosynthesis, largely dictate leaf coloration, with varying concentrations imparting different shades of green. Complex gene interactions regulate the synthesis and degradation of chlorophyll, and disruptions in these pathways can result in abnormal chlorophyll production, thereby affecting leaf pigmentation. This study focuses on Bambusa multiplex f. silverstripe, a natural variant distinguished by a spectrum of leaf colors, such as green, white, and green-white, attributed to genetic variations influencing gene expression. By examining the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying chlorophyll anomalies and genetic factors in Silverstripe, this research sheds light on the intricate gene interactions and regulatory networks that contribute to leaf color diversity. The investigation includes the measurement of photosynthetic pigments and nutrient concentrations across different leaf color types, alongside transcriptomic analyses for identifying differentially expressed genes. The role of key genes in pathways such as ALA biosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and sugar metabolism is explored, offering critical insights for advancing research and plant breeding practices.

Effects of Different Heterogeneous Nutrient Environments on the Growth and Activities of Enzymes in the Roots of Fokienia hodginsii Families.

Currently, research on the F. hodginsii asexual lineage primarily focuses on the screening of growth traits and the control of single fertilizer applications. The effects of the heterogeneity of soil nutrients on root growth and activity have not been studied in detail. Therefore, we propose forest management measures to improve the foraging ability of forest trees in conjunction with stand productivity. In this experiment, annual containerized seedlings of 10 free-pollinated F. hodginsii lines from a primary asexual seed orchard were used as test subjects, and three heterogeneous nutrient environments of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were constructed. In contrast, homogeneous nutrient environments were used as the control to carry out potting experiments, to study the growth of F. hodginsii lines and the differences in the activities of root enzymes under the three heterogeneous nutrient environments, and to carry out the comprehensive evaluation using the principal component and cluster analysis method. The results were as follows: (1) The seedling height of F. hodginsii family lines under a homogeneous nutrient environment was significantly higher than that of all heterogeneous nutrient environments; the diameter of the ground was the highest under N heterogeneous nutrient environment and significantly higher than that of all the other nutrient environments; the biomass of the root system was the highest under P heterogeneous nutrient environment, which was significantly higher than that of homogeneous nutrient environment and K heterogeneous nutrient environment. The catalase (CAT) activity of F. hodginsii roots was higher than that of homogeneous nutrients in all heterogeneous nutrient environments but not significant, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was slightly higher than that of K heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient environments in N and P heterogeneous nutrient environments. SOD activity was slightly higher than that of K heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient environments under N, and P. peroxidase (POD) activity in the F. hodginsii root system was the highest under the P heterogeneous nutrient environment, which was significantly higher than that of the other nutrient environments. Unlike the activities of the enzymes, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the roots of F. hodginsii was higher in the heterogeneous environment than in all the other nutrient environments. (2) Under N and P heterogeneous nutrient environments, lines 552 and 590 had higher seedling height, ground diameter, and root enzyme activity, while root biomass was highest in line 544; and under K heterogeneous nutrient environments, line 591 had higher seedling height, ground diameter, and root enzyme activity while root biomass was highest in line 551. In contrast to the patterns of seedling height, accumulation of root biomass and activities of root enzymes, family No. 590 had the highest ground diameter of all the F. hodginsii families under the heterogeneous nutrient environments. Family No. 547 had the highest MDA content. In conclusion, it can be seen that N heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient environments can significantly increase the seedling height and diameter of F. hodginsii compared with P and K heterogeneous nutrient environments, and N and P heterogeneous nutrient environments can also increase the root biomass, root enzyme activities and significantly reduce the MDA content of F. hodginsii. According to the principal component analysis and cluster analysis, it can be seen that among the 10 F. hodginsii family lines, family lines 590 and 552 have higher evaluation in growth, root biomass accumulation, and enzyme activity.

Identification and characterization of the cupin_1 domain-containing proteins in ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) and their potential role in rhizome sprouting.

Cupin_1 domain-containing protein (CDP) family, which is a member of the cupin superfamily with the most diverse functions in plants, has been found to be involved in hormone pathways that are closely related to rhizome sprouting (RS), a vital form of asexual reproduction in plants. Ma bamboo is a typical clumping bamboo, which mainly reproduces by RS. In this study, we identified and characterized 53 Dendrocalamus latiflorus CDP genes and divided them into seven subfamilies. Comparing the genetic structures among subfamilies showed a relatively conserved gene structure within each subfamily, and the number of cupin_1 domains affected the conservation among D. latiflorus CDP genes. Gene collinearity results showed that segmental duplication and tandem duplication both contributed to the expansion of D. latiflorus CDP genes, and lineage-specific gene duplication was an important factor influencing the evolution of CDP genes. Expression patterns showed that CDP genes generally had higher expression levels in germinating underground buds, indicating that they might play important roles in promoting shoot sprouting. Transcription factor binding site prediction and co-expression network analysis indicated that D. latiflorus CDPs were regulated by a large number of transcription factors, and collectively participated in rhizome buds and shoot development. This study significantly provided new insights into the evolutionary patterns and molecular functions of CDP genes, and laid a foundation for further studying the regulatory mechanisms of plant rhizome sprouting.

m6A Writer METTL3-Mediated lncRNA LINC01125 Prevents the Malignancy of Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC01125 is an anti-tumor factor in a variety of tumors, and regulates cancer cell function. However, its function and mechanism of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tumorigenesis remain unclear. AIMS: This study aimed to reveal the function and m6A modification of LINC01125 in PTC tumorigenesis. METHODS: The LINC01125 and methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) levels in PTC cells and tissues was assessed by qRT-PCR. The binding relationship among LINC01125 and METTL3 was determined by MeRIP, Pearson, bioinformatics, and RNA stabilization analysis. Transwell assays were performed to confirm the changes of PTC cell migration and invasion. Cell proliferation was revealed by CCK-8 as well as colony formation assays. RESULTS: Low expression of LINC01125 and METTL3 was identified in PTC. LINC01125 was a downstream target of METTL3-mediated m6A modification and was stably upregulated via METTL3. Cell invasion, migration, viability, and colony formation levels were decreased when LINC01125 or METTL3 was upregulated. Inhibition of LINC01125 had the opposite impact, promoting cell proliferation and metastasis, and reversing METTL3 overexpression-resulted cell malignancy suppression. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study proved that the m6A modification of LINC01125 was mediated by METTL3 and LINC01125 inhibited cell invasion, migration and proliferation, thereby suppressing the development of PTC. This points to the LINC01125-m6A-METTL3 axis as a possible prospective target for future treatment of PTC.

Quantifying the retention of emotions across story retellings.

Story retelling is a fundamental medium for the transmission of information between individuals and among social groups. Besides conveying factual information, stories also contain affective information. Though natural language processing techniques have advanced considerably in recent years, the extent to which machines can be trained to identify and track emotions across retellings is unknown. This study leverages the powerful RoBERTa model, based on a transformer architecture, to derive emotion-rich story embeddings from a unique dataset of 25,728 story retellings. The initial stories were centered around five emotional events (joy, sadness, embarrassment, risk, and disgust-though the stories did not contain these emotion words) and three intensities (high, medium, and low). Our results indicate (1) that RoBERTa can identify emotions in stories it was not trained on, (2) that the five emotions and their intensities are preserved when they are transmitted in the form of retellings, (3) that the emotions in stories are increasingly well-preserved as they experience additional retellings, and (4) that among the five emotions, risk and disgust are least well-preserved, compared with joy, sadness, and embarrassment. This work is a first step toward quantifying situation-driven emotions with machines.

Circular RNA SMARCA5 inhibits cholangiocarcinoma via microRNA-95-3p/tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 3 axis.

Enhancing research indicatedthat circular RNA (circRNA) acted a critical part in cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) development. This research aims to discover the role of circRNA SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 5 (SMARCA5) in CHOL bio-progression, which has been proved to be downregulated in CHOL tissues. In this study, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to reveal the level and linkage of circRNA SMARCA5, miRNA-95-3p and TNF receptor-associated factor 3 gene (TRAF3) in CHOL tissues and cancer cells. The target sites of circRNA SMARCA5 and miRNA-95-3p were forecast by Starbase, and Targetscan was conducted to forecast the potential linkage points of TRAF3 and miRNA-95-3p, and which is affirmed by double luciferase reporter assay. CCK-8 and flow cytometry assay was carried to indicate cell viability. And apoptosis-related protein was counted by caspase3 activity and Western blot assay. CircRNA SMARCA5 was downregulated in CHOL cell lines and cancer samples. Besides, over-expression of SMARCA5 inhibited cell growth and promoted apoptotic rate. Dual-luciferase reporter assays presented that miRNA-95-3p could link with circRNA SMARCA5. Moreover, miRNA-95-3p was discovered highly expressed in CHOL. Interference of miRNA-95-3p repressed cell proliferation and raised the apoptosis. Importantly, TRAF3 was validated to be a downstream of miRNA-95-3p. Strengthen of miRNA-95-3p reversed the inhibitory impact of circRNA SMARCA5-plasmid transfection, and the results of miRNA-95-3p inhibitor were reversed by si-TRAF3. CircRNA SMARCA5 is involved in CHOL development by interosculating miRNA-95-3p/TRAF3 axis and may become a novel approach for treating CHOL.

Evaluation and Optimization of Cultural Perception of Coastal Greenway Landscape Based on Structural Equation Model.

The island-type greenway should emphasize the role of maintaining and promoting the island cultural landscape as it serves the function of a general greenway green infrastructure while also having a unique landscape appearance. The northern greenway of Pingtan is used as an example in the paper to illustrate how regional culture is perceived. The first part of the analysis looks at how demographic factors affect the quality of cultural perception. The study reveals that: from a gender perspective, women are more likely than men to perceive regional culture; from an age perspective, people between the ages of 18 and 40 are more likely to perceive regional culture; older people and children are less likely to perceive regional culture; and from a level of education perspective, the higher the education, the stronger the perception. The relationship between tourists' perceived quality, cognitive image, perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty to the cultural expression of the greenway landscape is then analyzed by building a structural equation model. According to the findings, visitors' perceptions of the island's cultural quality have a positive impact on their cognitive images and perceptions of value, while their satisfaction with the cultural expressions along the coastal greenway has a positive impact on their loyalty.

Response of the root morphological structure of Fokienia hodginsii seedlings to competition from neighboring plants in a heterogeneous nutrient environment.

Introduction: Critical changes often occur in Fokienia hodginsii seedlings during the process of growth owing to differences in the surrounding environment. The most common differences are heterogeneous nutrient environments and competition from neighboring plants. Methods: In this study, we selected one-year-old, high-quality Fokienia hodginsii seedlings as experimental materials. Three planting patterns were established to simulate different competitive treatments, and seedlings were also exposed to three heterogeneous nutrient environments and a homogeneous nutrient environment (control) to determine their effect on the root morphology and structure of F. hodginsii seedlings. Results: Heterogeneous nutrient environments, compared with a homogeneous environment, significantly increased the dry matter accumulation and root morphology indexes of the root system of F. hodginsii, which proliferated in nutrient-rich patches, and the P heterogeneous environment had the most significant enhancement effect, with dry matter accumulation 70.2%, 7.0%, and 27.0% higher than that in homogeneous and N and K heterogeneous environments, respectively. Homogeneous environments significantly increased the specific root length and root area of the root system; the dry matter mass and morphological structure of the root system of F. hodginsii with a heterospecific neighbor were higher than those under conspecific neighbor and single-plant treatments, and the root area of the root system under the conspecific neighbor treatment was higher than that under the heterospecific neighbor treatment, by 20% and 23%, respectively. Moreover, the root system under heterospecific neighbor treatment had high sensitivity; the heterogeneous nutrient environment increased the mean diameter of the fine roots of the seedlings of F. hodginsii and the diameter of the vascular bundle, and the effect was most significant in the P heterogeneous environment, exceeding that in the N and K heterogeneous environments. The effect was most significant in the P heterogeneous environment, which increased fine root diameter by 20.5% and 10.3%, respectively, compared with the homogeneous environment; in contrast, the fine root vascular ratio was highest in the homogeneous environment, and most of the indicators of the fine root anatomical structure in the nutrient-rich patches were of greater values than those in the nutrient-poor patches in the different heterogeneous environments; competition promoted most of the indicators of the fine root anatomical structure of F. hodginsii seedlings. According a principal component analysis (PCA), the N, Pm and K heterogeneous environments with heterospecific neighbors and the P heterogeneous environment with a conspecific neighbor had higher evaluation in the calculation of eigenvalues of the PCA. Discussion: The root dry matter accumulation, root morphology, and anatomical structure of F. hodginsii seedlings in the heterogeneous nutrient environment were more developed than those in the homogeneous nutrient environment. The effect of the P heterogeneous environment was the most significant. The heterospecific neighbor treatment was more conducive to the expansion and development of root morphology of F. hodginsii seedlings than were the conspecific neighbor and single-plant treatments.

(±)-Polysiphenol and Other Analogues via Symmetrical Intermolecular Dimerizations: A Synthetic, Spectroscopic, Structural, and Computational Study.

We report an improved total synthesis of 4,5-dibromo-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,3,6,7-tetraol, (±)-polysiphenol, via intermolecular McMurray dimerization of 5-bromovanillin and subsequent intramolecular oxidative coupling as the key steps. The synthetic route is applicable to 4,5-dichloro- and 4,5-difluoro-halologues (as well as a 4,5-dialkyl-analogue). Distinctive AA'BB' multiplets in their 1H NMR spectra for the dimethylene bridges of the dibromo and dichloro compounds reveal them to be room-temperature stable atropisomers, while for the difluoro compound they present as a singlet. X-ray crystal structure determinations of their tetramethylated synthetic precursors show atropisomeric twist angles of 48°, 46°, and 32°, respectively, with the former representing the largest yet observed in any 4,5-disubstituted-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene. DFT computational studies reveal an unprecedented two-stage atropisomeric interconversion process involving time-independent asynchronous rotations of the dimethylene bridge and the biaryl axis for halologues containing chlorine or bromine, but a more synchronous rotation for the difluoro analogue.

Allele-aware chromosome-scale assembly of the allopolyploid genome of hexaploid Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro).

Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro is a woody clumping bamboo with rapid shoot growth. Both genetic transformation and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene editing techniques are available for D. latiflorus, enabling reverse genetic approaches. Thus, D. latiflorus has the potential to be a model bamboo species. However, the genome sequence of D. latiflorus has remained unreported due to its polyploidy and large genome size. Here, we sequenced the D. latiflorus genome and assembled it into three allele-aware subgenomes (AABBCC), representing the largest genome of a major bamboo species. We assembled 70 allelic chromosomes (2, 737 Mb) for hexaploid D. latiflorus using both single-molecule sequencing from the Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) Sequel platform and chromosome conformation capture sequencing (Hi-C). Repetitive sequences comprised 52.65% of the D. latiflorus genome. We annotated 135 231 protein-coding genes in the genome based on transcriptomes from eight different tissues. Transcriptome sequencing using RNA-Seq and PacBio single-molecule real-time long-read isoform sequencing revealed highly differential alternative splicing (AS) between non-abortive and abortive shoots, suggesting that AS regulates the abortion rate of bamboo shoots. This high-quality hexaploid genome and comprehensive strand-specific transcriptome datasets for this Poaceae family member will pave the way for bamboo research using D. latiflorus as a model species.

Genome-Wide Identification of MIKCc-Type MADS-Box Family Gene and Floral Organ Transcriptome Characterization in Ma Bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro).

Most bamboos die after flowering, and the molecular mechanisms responsible for flowering is poorly understood. The MIKCc-type MADS-box family gene is involved in the flowering process. To explore the mechanism of the MIKCc-type MADS-box gene and phytohormone regulation in the flowering of Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro (D. latiflorus), characterized by extremely rapid growth and widely cultivated woody bamboo, we initially did a genome-wide analysis of the MIKCc-type MADS-box gene in D. latiflorus. In the meantime, transcriptome analysis was performed using the floral organs. A total of 170 MIKCc-Type MADS-Box genes were identified and divided into 15 categories. The cis-acting element analysis in promoters regions revealed that MIKC-type MADS-box family genes were associated with hormones, including auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA) and jasmonic acid (JA), which was found at 79, 476, 96, 486 sites and cover 61, 103, 73, 128 genes. Genome synteny analysis showed subgenome AA and BB were better than CC and obtained 49, 40, 39 synteny genes compared with Oryza sativa (O. sativa). In transcriptome analysis of floral organs, the enriched pathway from DEGs included circadian, vernalization and gibberellin pathways associated with the flowering process. We found that the jasmonic acid synthesis gene is highly expressed in the pistil, which may be the cause of Ma bamboo pollen abortion. The expression profile showed that most MIKC-type MADS-box genes exhibited high expression in flower organs. The consequences of this study will provide insight into the irregular flowering and low pollen counts of Ma bamboo.

Effect of Various Mulch Materials on Chemical Properties of Soil, Leaves and Shoot Characteristics in Dendrocalamus Latiflorus Munro Forests.

The effectiveness of mulch treatments on soil quality as well as on the yield and growth rates of bamboo are major considerations and require further attention. The present work was aimed at assessing the impacts of three different mulch materials on soil available nutrients, biochemical traits, and growth patterns of Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro. We found that relative to the control (CK), bamboo leaves (MB) and organic fertilizers (MF) treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the number of bamboo shoots (47.5 and 22.7%) and yield (21.4 and 9.1%), respectively. We observed that under MB and MF treatments, the concentrations of soil available nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) increased and played a key role in the differences in chlorophyll, leaf carbohydrate contents (soluble sugar and starch) and were essential to promote bamboo shoot development. Furthermore, we infer from principal component analysis (PCA), that both MB and MF appear to be a better choice than rice husks (MR) to improve nutrient availability, biochemical traits of the leaves, and increased bamboo shoot productivity. Consequently, we suggest using organic fertilizers and bamboo leaves as mulch materials are effective for soil conservation to attain high-quality bamboo production.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Bambusa albolineata (bambusodae).

Bambusa albolineata (local name: Hua Zhu) is found in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, and Guangdong provinces of China, and is often cultivated on low hills, flatlands, and along streams and rivers. Due to its long internodes and flexible material, it is used as timber wood in China. In the current research, the complete chloroplast (CP) genome of B. albolineata was sequenced and reported for the first time. The complete CP genome sequence was 139,326 bp, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 82,862 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 12,870 bp, and a pair of invert repeats (IR) regions of 21,798 bp. Besides, the plastid genome consisted of 129 genes; having 82 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome was 44.2%. The phylogenetic analysis based on the complete chloroplast genome indicates that B. albolineata is strongly related to B. flexuosa and B. boniopsis.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Bambusa contracta L.C.Chia & H.L.Fung (Bambusodae).

Bambusa contracta L. C. Chia & H. L. Fung is widely distributed in the foothills of Guangxi province, China, and used as a raw material for the production of various bamboo weaving products. In the present work, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of B. contracta was characterized by Illumina pair-end sequencing. The chloroplast genome of B. contracta was 139,470 bp in total length, containing a large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,187 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 12,897 bp, and two inverted repeats (IR) regions of 21,693 bp. The genome consisted of a total of 127 genes, with 83 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Based on 14 chloroplast genomes, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that B. contracta is closely related to B. emeiensis in Bambusodae.

Consequences of LED Lights on Root Morphological Traits and Compounds Accumulation in Sarcandra glabra Seedlings.

This study evaluated the effects of different light spectra (white light; WL, blue light; BL and red light; RL) on the root morphological traits and metabolites accumulation and biosynthesis in Sarcandra glabra. We performed transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling by RNA-seq and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), respectively. When morphological features were compared to WL, BL substantially increased under-ground fresh weight, root length, root surface area, and root volume, while RL inhibited these indices. A total of 433 metabolites were identified, of which 40, 18, and 68 compounds differentially accumulated in roots under WL (WG) vs. roots under BL (BG), WG vs. roots under RL (RG), and RG vs. BG, respectively. In addition, the contents of sinapyl alcohol, sinapic acid, fraxetin, and 6-methylcoumarin decreased significantly in BG and RG. In contrast, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinyl glucoside, quercitrin and quercetin were increased considerably in BG. Furthermore, the contents of eight terpenoids compounds significantly reduced in BG. Following transcriptomic profiling, several key genes related to biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid-derived and terpenoids metabolites were differentially expressed, such as caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase) (COMT), hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT), O-methyltransferase (OMT), and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthetase (DXS). In summary, our findings showed that BL was suitable for growth and accumulation of bioactive metabolites in root tissue of S. glabra. Exposure to a higher ratio of BL might have the potential to improve the production and quality of S. glabra seedlings, but this needs to be confirmed further.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Bambusa vulgaris cv. Wamin.

Bambusa vulgaris cv. Wamin is an attractive ornamental bamboo species of southern China. It has large swollen internodes and weeping culms, and it has considerable economic importance. In the present study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of B. vulgaris cv. Wamin and reported it for the first time. The genome was 139,528 bp in total length, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,038 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 12,893 bp, and a pair of invert repeats (IR) regions of 21,799 bp. Plastid genome contained 138 genes, 82 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome was 38.9%. The phylogenetic analysis based on the complete chloroplast genome reveals that B. vulgaris cv. Wamin is closely related to Bambusa teres. This research strengthens the genetic information of both the B. vulgaris cv. Wamin and the phylogenetic analyses of Gramineae.

Divergent consequences of different biochar amendments on carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from the red soil.

Climate change due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the global environmental matters of the 21st century. Biochar (BC) amendments have been proposed as a potential solution for improving soil quality and to mitigate GHGs emissions. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of different BCs on soil CO2 and N2O emissions in an outdoor pot experiment. The soil was mixed with three different types of BCs; bamboo, hardwood, and rice straw BCs as BB, BH, and BR, respectively, and control as B0 with four levels (0, 5, 20, and 80 g kg-1 of soil). Gas samples were collected on a bi-monthly basis for six months. A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) static chamber was placed on each replicate to collect the gas samples at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min, respectively. Compared to B0, the lowest cumulative N2O emissions were observed in BH80 (11%) followed by BH20, BH5, and BR80. However, for cumulative CO2 emissions, B0 and BC treatments showed no significant differences except for BB80 (>11%) and BB5 (<2%). BC type and level both had a significant (P < 0.001) impact on the cumulative N2O emissions with a significant interaction (P < 0.001). However, cumulative CO2 emissions were unaffected by BC type but BC level showed a significant influence on cumulative CO2 emissions (P < 0.05) and there was a significant (P < 0.001) interaction between the BC type and level on cumulative CO2 emissions. Overall, higher doses of BR and BB showed a pronounced effect on soil pH over BH. The soil pH and moisture showed a negative correlation with N2O emissions whereas soil temperature showed a positive correlation with the cumulative fluxes of N2O. Our results demonstrate that BC incorporation to soil may help to mitigate GHGs emissions but its influence may vary with BC type and level under different conditions and soil type.

Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Ampelocalamus scandens (Arundinarodae).

Ampelocalamus scandens is native to Guizhou Province, China, and grows at an altitude of 260-320 m. It can be used as a raw material for weaving and papermaking. In the current study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of A. scandens was sequenced and is reported for the first time. The complete cp sequence was 139,504 bp, include large single-copy (LSC), small single-copy (SSC), and a pair of invert repeats (IR) region of 83,103 bp, 12,813 bp, and 21,793 bp, respectively. Besides, the plastid genome comprised a total of 132 genes, including protein-coding, tRNA, and rRNA genes as 85, 39, and 8 genes, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 28 cp genomes reveals that A. scandens is closely associated with Ampelocalamus melicoideus in Arundinarodae.