[New advances in vital pulp therapy and pulp regeneration for the treatment of pulpitis: from basic to clinical application].

In recent years, great progress has been made in research on the treatment of pulpitis, mainly due to the rapid development of basic and clinical researches in this field, and some achievement from basic research has been applied in clinical practice. Advances in the diagnostic methods for pulpitis can help the clinicians to recognize the true state of pulpitis more accurately and to adopt the corresponding treatment methods including indirect/direct pulp capping, pulpotomy, pulp regeneration and root canal therapy. The new theory of pulpitis diagnosis and the studies on immune defense, repair function of dental pulp and new pulp capping materials have significantly improved the success rate of vital pulp therapy. For diffuse coronary pulpitis or radicular pulpitis, which is difficult to achieve vital pulp therapy successfully, methods of pulp revascularization, cell homing and pulp stem cells-mediated pulp regeneration can also be used as treatment options in addition to root canal therapy. The present article focuses on the research progress on pulpitis treatments and related clinical transformation practices, in order to provide reference on vital pulp therapy and pulp regeneration for clinicians.

Outer hair cell driven reticular lamina mechanical distortion in living cochleae.

Cochlear distortions afford researchers and clinicians a glimpse into the conditions and properties of inner ear signal processing mechanisms. Until recently, our examination of these distortions has been limited to measuring the vibration of the basilar membrane or recording acoustic distortion output in the ear canal. Despite its importance, the generation mechanism of cochlear distortion remains a substantial task to understand. The ability to measure the vibration of the reticular lamina in rodent models is a recent experimental advance. Surprising mechanical properties have been revealed. These properties merit both discussion in context with our current understanding of distortion, and appraisal of the significance of new interpretations of cochlear mechanics. This review focusses on some of the recent data from our research groups and discusses the implications of these data on our understanding of vocalization processing in the periphery, and their influence upon future experimental directions. This article is part of the Special Issue Outer hair cell Edited by Joseph Santos-Sacchi and Kumar Navaratnam.

[Efficacy and safety of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton for the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the efficacy and safety of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) for the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus (EOLP). METHODS: Sixty patients with clinically and pathologically diagnosed EOLP were randomly divided into the experimental group and control group according to the random number. Patients in the experimental group were treated with lyophilized powder containing Nr-CWS combined with normal saline. Patients in the control group received topical placebo without Nr-CWS combined with normal saline. Changes in the EOLP lesion area and the patient's pain level were recorded at the timepoints of weeks 1, 2, and 4 after the two different treatments, respectively. The changes of the patient's REU scoring system (reticulation, erythema, ulceration), the visual analogue scale and the oral health impact score (OHIP-14) were compared between the experimental group and control group after treatment, and the safety indicators of the two groups at the initial diagnosis and after 4 weeks' treatment were also observed, respectively. RESULTS: Totally, 62 patients with clinically and pathologically diagnosed EOLP were enrolled, 2 of whom were lost to the follow-up, with 31 in the experimental group, and 29 in the control group. The mean age of the experimental group and control group were (52.9±12.4) years and (54.07±12.40) years, respectively. There was no significant difference in the oral periodontal index between the experimental group and control group. In the experimental group, the erosive area of oral lichen planus was significantly reduced 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the Nr-CWS's treatment (P < 0.05), the reduction rate was 81.75%, the patient's pain index was also decreased (P < 0.05), and in addition, the OHIP-14 was reduced (P < 0.05). The changes of the REU scoring system, the visual analogue scale and the OHIP-14 were significantly different between the experimental group and control group after treatment. There was no significant difference in the safety index between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The priliminary data show that the Nr-CWS is effective and safe to treat EOLP.

[Protective effect of excretory-secretory protein from adult Trichinella spiralis on ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in mice].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of excretory-secretory protein (AES) from adult Trichinella spiralis on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rhinitis in mice. METHODS: Eighteen female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups, including the blank control group (Group A), OVA-induced rhinitis group (Group B) and AES treatment group (Group C). Mice in Group A were given PBS. Mice in Group B were intraperitoneally injected with antigen adjuvant suspension for systemic sensitization, once every other day for seven times; then, local excitation was intranasally induced with 5% OVA solution once a day for seven times to establish a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. In addition to induction of allergic rhinitis, mice in Group C were given 25 µg AES at baseline sensitization and local excitation. Following the final challenge, mice were observed for 30 min in each group, and the behavioral score was evaluated. The serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and TGF-ß were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in mice, and the pathological changes of mouse nasal mucosa were observed under a microscope. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the mouse behavioral scores among the three groups (F = 110.12, P < 0.01). The mouse behavioral score was significantly higher in Group B than in Group A (7.17 ± 0.75 vs. 1.33 ± 0.52, P < 0.01), and more remarkable pathological damages of mouse nasal mucosa were seen in Group B than in Group A, while the mouse behavioral score was significantly decreased in Group C than in Group B (P < 0.01), and the pathological damages of mouse nasal mucosa remarkably alleviated in Group C relative to Group B. There was a significant difference in serum IFN-γ level among the three groups (F = 7.50, P < 0.01) and the serum IFN-γ level in Group B was significantly lower than in group A and C (both P < 0.05). There were significant differences in serum IL-4 (F = 470.81, P < 0.01) and IL-5 levels (F =68.20, P < 0.01) among the three groups, and significantly greater serum IL-4 and IL-5 levels were detected in Group B than in Group A (P < 0.01), while significantly lower serum IL-4 and IL-5 levels were detected in Group C than in Group B (P < 0.01). There were significant differences in serum IL-10 (F = 174.91, P < 0.01) and TGF-ß levels (F = 9.39, P < 0.01) among the three groups, and significantly greater serum IL-10 and TGF-ß levels were seen in Group C than in Group B (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: T. spiralis AES has a remarkable protective activity against OVA-induced allergic rhinitis in mice.

Enteric glial cell activation protects enteric neurons from damage due to diabetes in part via the promotion of neurotrophic factor release.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes can result in pathological changes to enteric nervous system. Our aim was to test the dynamic changes of enteric neurons and identify the role of enteric glial cells (EGCs) in regulating enteric neuron expression in diabetic rats. METHODS: A single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) was used to establish diabetic rats. Animals were randomly distributed into diabetic 1-, 4-, 8-, and 16-week groups, as well as age-matched control groups. The PGP9.5- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunopositive cells were quantified by immunohistochemistry. The protein levels of PGP9.5, ChAT, nNOS, S-100ß, and c-fos were determined by western blotting. The levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were tested by ELISA. KEY RESULTS: An increase in blood glucose and a decrease in body weight were observed following STZ administration. PGP9.5 expression did not change in the diabetic ileum. However, ChAT increased after 16 weeks, and nNOS decreased after 8 and 16 weeks in the ilea of diabetic rats. The absence of degeneration of enteric neurons during the acute stage of the disease could be the consequence of the up-regulation of GFAP, S-100ß, and c-fos. Moreover, the content of NGF, NT-3, and GDNF in the ileum increased by varying degrees after 1 and/or 4 weeks of diabetes. Using 2 co-culture models of EGCs and SH-SY5Y cells in a high glucose condition, the supportive role of EGCs was further confirmed. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Enteric glial cell activation can protect enteric neurons from damage due to diabetes in the acute stage of the disease, in part via the promotion of neurotrophin release.

[Short-term outcomes of lung transplant recipients using organs from brain death donors].

Objective: To assess short-term outcomes after lung transplantation with organs procured following brain death. Methods: Between April 2015 and July 2016, all 17 recipients after lung transplantation using organs from brain death donors (DBD) at Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine were enrolled in this study. All patients were male, aging (60±7) years, including 11 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 5 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1 silicosis. Seventeen donors were 16 males and 1 female, with 10 traumatic brain injury, 5 cerebrovascular accident and 2 sudden cardiac death. Of 17 recipients receiving DBD lung transplant, 16 were single lung transplant. Data were collected including intubation duration of mechanical ventilation, hospital length of stay, incidence of pulmonary infection bronchus anastomosis complications, primary graft dysfunction (PGD), and acute rejection, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) as well as mortality of 90-day after lung transplantation. Results: Median duration of intubation were 2 (2) days (M(QR)) in recipients after lung transplantation. The incidence of pulmonary infection and bronchus anastomosis complications were 15/17 and 5/17, respectively. Median length of stay in hospital were 56 (19) days. The ratio of readmission 1 month after discharge were 10/17. Mortality of 90-day post-transplant were 2/17. The incidence of PGD and BOS were 1/17 and 2/17, respectively. Conclusion: Recipients with DBD lung transplantation have an acceptable survival during short-term follow-up, but with higher incidences of complications related to infection post-transplantation.

[The application of laser in endodontics].

Since laser was introduced in the field of medicine in 1970's, its application range has continuously expanded. The application of laser in endodontics also increased due to its safety and effectiveness in dental treatments. The majority of the laser application researches in dentistry focused on dentin hypersensitivity, removal of carious tissues, tooth preparations, pulp capping or pulpotomy, and root canal treatment. In this article, we reviewed literature on the effects of laser in the treatments of dental and pulp diseases.

Effect of antisense oligonucleotide against mouse dentine matrix protein 1 on mineralization ability and calcium ions metabolism in odontoblast-like cell line MDPC-23.

AIM: To study the mineralization ability and the dynamic changes of intracellular and extracellular concentrations of calcium ions in the odontoblast-like cell line MDPC-23 affected by antisense oligonucleotide (AS-ODN) against mouse dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1). METHODOLOGY: The expression of DMP1 in MDPC-23 cells was detected by an immunohistochemical method and its blocking outcome by the Western blot method. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, size and number of mineralized nodules, and the intracellular free ([Ca2+]if), total ([Ca2+]it) and the extracellular ([Ca2+]e) calcium ion concentrations in MDPC-23 cells in the experimental group affected with AS-ODN were compared with those in the control group (paired-samples t-test). RESULTS: Dentine matrix protein 1 was stably expressed in a stable way in MDPC-23 cells; the expression was only just detectable at 12 h and became negative after 24 h affected by AS-ODN. Compared with the control groups, ALP activity of MDPC-23 cells in the AS-ODN group was decreased (P < 0.05), and both the number and size of mineralized nodules were smaller than those in the control group. [Ca2+]if in the AS-ODN group increased and then decreased after 24 h. [Ca2+]it dropped substantially to the lowest point at 24 h (P < 0.01). [Ca2+]e increased before treatment for 24 h and then dropped, however, it was still higher than that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Antisense oligonucleotide against DMP1 could decrease mineralization ability and affect the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of calcium ions in MDPC-23 cells. This would indicate that DMP1 regulates the metabolism and transportation of calcium ions in odontoblasts, and thus boosts dentine mineralization.

[The expression and distribution of Smad 2 in human tooth germ].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of Smad 2 gene in human tooth germ,and the possible function of Smad 2 during human tooth germ development. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining on prepared specimens of different stages of developing human tooth germ. RESULTS: Smad 2 expression had specific temporal-spatial pattern during tooth germ development, which was similar to TGF-beta. CONCLUSION: The expression of Smad 2 gene in tooth germ was detected in different stages of human tooth germ. The results suggest that Smad 2, one of the intracellular downstream molecules of TGF-beta, and as an inductive signal mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, may regulate the differentiation of ameloblast and odontoblast cells, and modulate dentinogenesis and amelogenesis.