ABSTRACT
Here we analyse genetic variation, population structure and diversity among 3,010 diverse Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) genomes from the 3,000 Rice Genomes Project. Our results are consistent with the five major groups previously recognized, but also suggest several unreported subpopulations that correlate with geographic location. We identified 29 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, 2.4 million small indels and over 90,000 structural variations that contribute to within- and between-population variation. Using pan-genome analyses, we identified more than 10,000 novel full-length protein-coding genes and a high number of presence-absence variations. The complex patterns of introgression observed in domestication genes are consistent with multiple independent rice domestication events. The public availability of data from the 3,000 Rice Genomes Project provides a resource for rice genomics research and breeding.
Subject(s)
Crops, Agricultural/classification , Crops, Agricultural/genetics , Genetic Variation , Genome, Plant/genetics , Oryza/classification , Oryza/genetics , Asia , Evolution, Molecular , Genes, Plant/genetics , Genetics, Population , Genomics , Haplotypes , INDEL Mutation/genetics , Phylogeny , Plant Breeding , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/geneticsABSTRACT
The physical and electrochemical behaviors of the boron-doped diamond film electrode prepared by chemical vapor deposition technique were studied. The surface microstructure of the electrode was demonstrated by means of scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behaviors of the electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and AC Impedance. The diamond films were polycrystalline and had uniform grains in micron grade. The results showed that the electrode had a very wide potential window and very low background current. The potential windows in acidic, neutral or alkaline medium were separately 4.3 V, 4.0 V and 3.0 V. The background current was as low as -9 x 10(-6)-5 x 10(-7) A. In electrolyte including Ferri/Ferrocyanide, the electrode surface kept good activity, and the electrochemical reaction carrying out on the surface was a diffusion-controlled reaction, with good quasi-reversibility. Studies of the oxidation of organic compounds showed that the electrocatalytic oxidation behavior was selective. Compared with Pt and graphite electrodes, the diamond electrode could oxidate aromatic compounds like phenol and nitrobenzene effectively, and the process of oxidation was very simple and complete.
