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1.
Toxins (Basel) ; 9(7)2017 07 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28686221

ABSTRACT

Lion's mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) stings cause severe pain and can lead to dangerous systemic effects, including Irukandji-like syndrome. As is the case for most cnidarian stings, recommended medical protocols in response to such stings lack rigorous scientific support. In this study, we sought to evaluate potential first aid care protocols using previously described envenomation models that allow for direct measurements of venom activity. We found that seawater rinsing, the most commonly recommended method of tentacle removal for this species, induced significant increases in venom delivery, while rinsing with vinegar or Sting No More® Spray did not. Post-sting temperature treatments affected sting severity, with 40 min of hot-pack treatment reducing lysis of sheep's blood (in agar plates), a direct representation of venom load, by over 90%. Ice pack treatment had no effect on sting severity. These results indicate that sting management protocols for Cyanea need to be revised immediately to discontinue rinsing with seawater and include the use of heat treatment.


Subject(s)
Bites and Stings/therapy , Cnidarian Venoms/toxicity , Scyphozoa , Acetic Acid/therapeutic use , Animals , Erythrocytes , First Aid , Hemolysis , Hot Temperature/therapeutic use , Ice , Seawater , Sheep , Urine
2.
Toxins (Basel) ; 9(5)2017 04 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28445412

ABSTRACT

Stings from the hydrozoan species in the genus Physalia cause intense, immediate skin pain and elicit serious systemic effects. There has been much scientific debate about the most appropriate first aid for these stings, particularly with regard to whether vinegar use is appropriate (most current recommendations recommend against vinegar). We found that only a small percentage (≤1.0%) of tentacle cnidae discharge during a sting event using an ex vivo tissue model which elicits spontaneous stinging from live cnidarian tentacles. We then tested a variety of rinse solutions on both Atlantic and Pacific Physalia species to determine if they elicit cnidae discharge, further investigating any that did not cause immediate significant discharge to determine if they are able to inhibit cnidae discharge in response to chemical and physical stimuli. We found commercially available vinegars, as well as the recently developed Sting No More® Spray, were the most effective rinse solutions, as they irreversibly inhibited cnidae discharge. However, even slight dilution of vinegar reduced its protective effects. Alcohols and folk remedies, such as urine, baking soda and shaving cream, caused varying amounts of immediate cnidae discharge and failed to inhibit further discharge, and thus likely worsen stings.


Subject(s)
Bites and Stings/therapy , Cnidarian Venoms/adverse effects , First Aid/methods , Hydrozoa , Acetic Acid/therapeutic use , Animals , Erythrocytes , Ethanol/therapeutic use , Hemolysis , Humans , Sepharose , Sodium Bicarbonate/therapeutic use , Solutions , Treatment Outcome , Urine
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