ABSTRACT
Highway runoff can cause a number of water quantity and quality problems. Stormwater management systems for highways have been developed based on a fast drainage for large storm situations. Non-point source pollution from highway runoff is a growing water quality concern. Stormwater quality control needs to be integrated into highway drainage design and operation to reduce the stormwater impacts on the receiving water. A continuous simulation/optimisation model for analysing integrated highway best management practices (BMPs) is presented. This model can evaluate the life cycle performance of infiltration and/or storage oriented highway BMPs. It can be directly integrated with spreadsheet optimisation tools to find the least cost options for implementing BMPs throughout a specified life cycle.
Subject(s)
Drainage, Sanitary , Rain , Water Movements , Water Supply , Benchmarking , Cities , Computer Simulation , Motor VehiclesABSTRACT
Serious upper abdominal hemorrhage can be both frustrating and frightening. Most major vessels in the upper abdomen can be readily dealt with within the abdomen. The upper end of the inferior vena cava is an exception. Control above the liver, below the diaphragm, is difficult and hazardous. The maneuver described here for temporary occlusion within the pericardium is simple and safe. By its use and with control of the lower end at the appropriate level, the main vessel and/or its intrahepatic tributaries then can be approached under direct vision in a relatively bloodless field for safe, accurate ligation and/or reconstruction.
