ABSTRACT
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare malignancy that can develop in nearly any soft-tissue of the body. Location of the primary tumor affects treatment strategy and prognosis, and RMS of the perineal areas can be especially difficult to treat successfully. RMS is treated systemically with chemotherapy. Local control options include surgical excision, radiation treatment, or a combination of the 2. Treating RMS with radiation treatment can be challenging due to the absence of standardized dosage protocols, along with the presence of conflicting recommendations in the literature. Each case of perineal RMS may benefit from a more individualized treatment plan.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Lymphatic Metastasis , Neoplasms, Gonadal Tissue , Perineum/pathology , Proton Therapy/methods , Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar , Adolescent , Bone Marrow Examination/methods , Groin , Humans , Lymphatic Metastasis/drug therapy , Lymphatic Metastasis/radiotherapy , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Male , Neoplasms, Gonadal Tissue/drug therapy , Neoplasms, Gonadal Tissue/pathology , Neoplasms, Gonadal Tissue/radiotherapy , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/methods , Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/drug therapy , Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/pathology , Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/radiotherapy , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To review current literature pertaining to the availability and implementation of urology-focused curricula, in an effort to highlight current approaches to urologic education at the medical school level. METHODS: A medical librarian searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, ERIC, and Scopus for articles focused on undergraduate urology education. Two reviewers adjudicated all retrieved titles. Only those describing interventions in undergraduate medical urology education were included in the review. Data extracted from each article included, but were not limited to: sample size, instructional aim, type of intervention, outcome measurement, significance of results, and strength of evidence. RESULTS: After removal of 1478 duplicate search results, 2425 unique titles remained for adjudication. Title and abstract screening excluded 2311. The remaining 114 articles met inclusion criteria. The articles focused on knowledge-based education (43), urologic curricula (22), clinical skills education (19), surgical skills training (15), and survey of student experiences in urology (15). 73 had been published since January 1, 2010. CONCLUSION: Analysis of the published literature reveals a paucity of articles investigating implementation and outcomes of formal urologic curricula. Most of the literature focuses on acquisition of knowledge concerning narrow urology-related topics. Physicians often receive minimal exposure to formal urologic curricula during their undergraduate years. Appropriate interventions aimed at increasing undergraduate student familiarity with common urologic scenarios are warranted. The results of this study can inform the efforts of urology programs seeking to expand their educational opportunities.
