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1.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 15(7): 1052-60, 2009 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19624920

ABSTRACT

Molecular surveillance of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) was implemented in Europe as case reporting in 2005. For all new MDR TB cases detected from January 2003 through June 2007, countries reported case-based epidemiologic data and DNA fingerprint patterns of MDR TB strains when available. International clusters were detected and analyzed. From 2003 through mid-2007 in Europe, 2,494 cases of MDR TB were reported from 24 European countries. Epidemiologic and molecular data were linked for 593 (39%) cases, and 672 insertion sequence 6110 DNA fingerprint patterns were reported from 19 countries. Of these patterns, 288 (43%) belonged to 18 European clusters; 7 clusters (242/288 cases, 84%) were characterized by strains of the Beijing genotype family, including the largest cluster (175/288 cases, 61%). Both clustering and the Beijing genotype were associated with strains originating in eastern European countries. Molecular cluster detection contributes to identification of transmission profile, risk factors, and control measures.


Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , DNA Fingerprinting , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects , Europe/epidemiology , Genotype , Humans , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Risk Factors , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/transmission
2.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz ; 103(5): 489-92, 2008 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18797764

ABSTRACT

The frequency of the Beijing genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a cause of tuberculosis (TB) in South America was determined by analyzing genotypes of strains isolated from patients that had been diagnosed with the disease between 1997 and 2003 in seven countries of the subcontinent. In total, 19 of the 1,202 (1.6%) TB cases carried Beijing isolates, including 11 of the 185 patients from Peru (5.9%), five of the 512 patients from Argentina (1.0%), two of the 252 Brazilian cases (0.8%), one of the 166 patients from Paraguay (0.6%) and none of the samples obtained from Chile (35), Colombia (36) and Ecuador (16). Except for two patients that were East Asian immigrants, all cases with Beijing strains were native South Americans. No association was found between carrying a strain with the Beijing genotype and having drug or multi-drug resistant disease. Our data show that presently transmission of M. tuberculosis strains of the Beijing genotype is not frequent in Latin America. In addition, the lack of association of drug resistant TB and infection with M. tuberculosis of the Beijing genotype observed presently demands efforts to define better the contribution of the virulence and lack of response to treatment to the growing spread of Beijing strains observed in other parts of the world.


Subject(s)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , DNA Fingerprinting , Genotype , Humans , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , South America/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology
3.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 103(5): 489-492, Aug. 2008. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-491979

ABSTRACT

The frequency of the Beijing genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a cause of tuberculosis (TB) in South America was determined by analyzing genotypes of strains isolated from patients that had been diagnosed with the disease between 1997 and 2003 in seven countries of the subcontinent. In total, 19 of the 1,202 (1.6 percent) TB cases carried Beijing isolates, including 11 of the 185 patients from Peru (5.9 percent), five of the 512 patients from Argentina (1.0 percent), two of the 252 Brazilian cases (0.8 percent), one of the 166 patients from Paraguay (0.6 percent) and none of the samples obtained from Chile (35), Colombia (36) and Ecuador (16). Except for two patients that were East Asian immigrants, all cases with Beijing strains were native South Americans. No association was found between carrying a strain with the Beijing genotype and having drug or multi-drug resistant disease. Our data show that presently transmission of M. tuberculosis strains of the Beijing genotype is not frequent in Latin America. In addition, the lack of association of drug resistant TB and infection with M. tuberculosis of the Beijing genotype observed presently demands efforts to define better the contribution of the virulence and lack of response to treatment to the growing spread of Beijing strains observed in other parts of the world.


Subject(s)
Humans , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , DNA Fingerprinting , Genotype , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , South America/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology
4.
J Clin Microbiol ; 43(9): 4328-35, 2005 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16145073

ABSTRACT

A standard procedure for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of macrorestriction fragments of Acinetobacter baumannii was set up and validated for its interlaboratory reproducibility and its potential for use in the construction of an Internet-based database for international monitoring of epidemic strains. The PFGE fingerprints of strains were generated at three different laboratories with ApaI as the restriction enzyme and by a rigorously standardized procedure. The results were analyzed at the respective laboratories and also centrally at a national reference institute. In the first phase of the study, 20 A. baumannii strains, including 3 isolates each from three well-characterized hospital outbreaks and 11 sporadic strains, were distributed blindly to the participating laboratories. The local groupings of the isolates in each participating laboratory were identical and allowed the identification of the epidemiologically related isolates as belonging to three clusters and identified all unrelated strains as distinct. Central pattern analysis by using the band-based Dice coefficient and the unweighted pair group method with mathematical averaging as the clustering algorithm showed 95% matching of the outbreak strains processed at each local laboratory and 87% matching of the corresponding strains if they were processed at different laboratories. In the second phase of the study, 30 A. baumannii isolates representing 10 hospital outbreaks from different parts of Europe (3 isolates per outbreak) were blindly distributed to the three laboratories, so that each laboratory investigated 10 epidemiologically independent outbreak isolates. Central computer-assisted cluster analysis correctly identified the isolates according to their corresponding outbreak at an 87% clustering threshold. In conclusion, the standard procedure enabled us to generate PFGE fingerprints of epidemiologically related A. baumannii strains at different locations with sufficient interlaboratory reproducibility to set up an electronic database to monitor the geographic spread of epidemic strains.


Subject(s)
Acinetobacter Infections/epidemiology , Acinetobacter baumannii/classification , DNA Fingerprinting/methods , DNA Fingerprinting/standards , Disease Outbreaks , Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology , Acinetobacter baumannii/genetics , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolation & purification , Bacterial Typing Techniques/methods , Bacterial Typing Techniques/standards , Databases, Genetic , Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field/methods , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field/standards , Europe/epidemiology , Humans , Internet , Reproducibility of Results
5.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 9(9): 1136-42, 2003 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14519252

ABSTRACT

The importance of foodborne viral infections is increasingly recognized. Food handlers can transmit infection during preparation or serving; fruit and vegetables may be contaminated by fecally contaminated water used for growing or washing. And the globalization of the food industry mean that a contaminated food item may not be limited to national distribution. International outbreaks do occur, but little data are available about the incidence of such events and the food items associated with the highest risks. We developed a combined research and surveillance program for enteric viruses involving 12 laboratories in 9 European countries. This project aims to gain insight into the epidemiology of enteric viruses in Europe and the role of food in transmission by harmonizing (i.e., assessing the comparability of data through studies of molecular detection techniques) and enhancing epidemiologic surveillance. We describe the setup and preliminary results of our system, which uses a Web-accessible central database to track viruses and provides the foundation for an early warning system of foodborne and other common-source outbreaks.


Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Epidemiologic Methods , Foodborne Diseases/epidemiology , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology , Databases, Factual , Europe/epidemiology , Food Microbiology , Foodborne Diseases/diagnosis , Foodborne Diseases/virology , Humans , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
6.
J Clin Microbiol ; 41(5): 1963-70, 2003 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12734235

ABSTRACT

The present update on the global distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex spoligotypes provides both the octal and binary descriptions of the spoligotypes for M. tuberculosis complex, including Mycobacterium bovis, from >90 countries (13,008 patterns grouped into 813 shared types containing 11,708 isolates and 1,300 orphan patterns). A number of potential indices were developed to summarize the information on the biogeographical specificity of a given shared type, as well as its geographical spreading (matching code and spreading index, respectively). To facilitate the analysis of hundreds of spoligotypes each made up of a binary succession of 43 bits of information, a number of major and minor visual rules were also defined. A total of six major rules (A to F) with the precise description of the extra missing spacers (minor rules) were used to define 36 major clades (or families) of M. tuberculosis. Some major clades identified were the East African-Indian (EAI) clade, the Beijing clade, the Haarlem clade, the Latin American and Mediterranean (LAM) clade, the Central Asian (CAS) clade, a European clade of IS6110 low banders (X; highly prevalent in the United States and United Kingdom), and a widespread yet poorly defined clade (T). When the visual rules defined above were used for an automated labeling of the 813 shared types to define nine superfamilies of strains (Mycobacterium africanum, Beijing, M. bovis, EAI, CAS, T, Haarlem, X, and LAM), 96.9% of the shared types received a label, showing the potential for automated labeling of M. tuberculosis families in well-defined phylogeographical families. Intercontinental matches of shared types among eight continents and subcontinents (Africa, North America, Central America, South America, Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia, and the Far East) are analyzed and discussed.


Subject(s)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Bacterial Typing Techniques , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , DNA, Intergenic/genetics , Databases, Nucleic Acid , Humans , Molecular Epidemiology , Mycobacterium bovis/classification , Mycobacterium bovis/genetics , Mycobacterium bovis/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Tuberculosis/microbiology
7.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 8(11): 1347-9, 2002 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12453368

ABSTRACT

We present a short summary of recent observations on the global distribution of the major clades of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, the causative agent of tuberculosis. This global distribution was defined by data-mining of an international spoligotyping database, SpolDB3. This database contains 11708 patterns from as many clinical isolates originating from more than 90 countries. The 11708 spoligotypes were clustered into 813 shared types. A total of 1300 orphan patterns (clinical isolates showing a unique spoligotype) were also detected.


Subject(s)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Tuberculosis/microbiology , Databases, Factual , Phylogeny , Tuberculosis/epidemiology
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