ABSTRACT
Controversially, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are in clinical trial for the treatment of inherited retinal degeneration. Utilizing the zebrafish dye ucd6 model, we determined if treatment with HDACi can rescue cone photoreceptor-mediated visual function. dye exhibit defective visual behaviour and retinal morphology including ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) cell death and decreased photoreceptor outer segment (OS) length, as well as gross morphological defects including hypopigmentation and pericardial oedema. HDACi treatment of dye results in significantly improved optokinetic (OKR) (~43 fold, p < 0.001) and visualmotor (VMR) (~3 fold, p < 0.05) responses. HDACi treatment rescued gross morphological defects and reduced CMZ cell death by 80%. Proteomic analysis of dye eye extracts suggested BDNF-TrkB and Akt signaling as mediators of HDACi rescue in our dataset. Co-treatment with the TrkB antagonist ANA-12 blocked HDACi rescue of visual function and associated Akt phosphorylation. Notably, sole treatment with a BDNF mimetic, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone hydrate, significantly rescued dye visual function (~58 fold increase in OKR, p < 0.001, ~3 fold increase in VMR, p < 0.05). In summary, HDACi and a BDNF mimetic are sufficient to rescue retinal cell death and visual function in a vertebrate model of inherited blindness.
Subject(s)
Blindness/physiopathology , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/physiopathology , Molecular Mimicry , Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/metabolism , Vision, Ocular , Animals , Blindness/diagnosis , Blindness/drug therapy , Blindness/genetics , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology , Disease Models, Animal , Electroretinography , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/diagnosis , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/drug therapy , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Male , Mutation , Proteome , Proteomics/methods , Receptor, trkB/metabolism , Retina/drug effects , Retina/metabolism , Retina/pathology , Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/drug effects , Signal Transduction , Vision, Ocular/drug effects , Vision, Ocular/genetics , Zebrafish , Zebrafish Proteins/chemistry , Zebrafish Proteins/genetics , Zebrafish Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cone photoreceptors are specialised sensory retinal neurons responsible for photopic vision, colour perception and visual acuity. Retinal degenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of eye diseases in which the most severe vision loss typically arises from cone photoreceptor dysfunction or degeneration. Establishing a method to purify cone photoreceptors from retinal tissue can accelerate the identification of key molecular determinants that underlie cone photoreceptor development, survival and function. The work herein describes a new method to purify enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-labelled cone photoreceptors from adult retina of Tg(3.2gnat2:EGFP) zebrafish. RESULTS: Methods for dissecting adult zebrafish retinae, cell dissociation, cell sorting, RNA isolation and RNA quality control were optimised. The dissociation protocol, carried out with ~30 retinae from adult zebrafish, yielded approximately 6 × 106 cells. Flow cytometry cell sorting subsequently distinguished 1 × 106 EGFP+ cells and 4 × 106 EGFP- cells. Electropherograms confirmed downstream isolation of high-quality RNA with RNA integrity number (RIN) >7.6 and RNA concentration >5.7 ng/µl obtained from both populations. Reverse Transcriptase-PCR confirmed that the EGFP-positive cell populations express known genetic markers of cone photoreceptors that were not expressed in the EGFP-negative cell population whereas a rod opsin amplicon was only detected in the EGFP-negative retinal cell population. CONCLUSIONS: This work describes a valuable adult zebrafish cone photoreceptor isolation methodology enabling future identification of cone photoreceptor-enriched genes, proteins and signalling networks responsible for their development, survival and function. In addition, this advancement facilitates the identification of novel candidate genes for inherited human blindness.
Subject(s)
Flow Cytometry/methods , Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/cytology , Zebrafish , Animals , Animals, Genetically Modified , Dissection/methods , Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics , Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism , RNA/metabolism , Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Reversible edema following seizure activity has been well described; however, there are now a number of further distinct MR findings described in the literature, also documented to be transient and associated with seizure activity. A concise review of these described transient conventional magnetic resonance imaging manifestations of seizure activity is presented in pictorial essay format. In addition to posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome appearances, less common abnormalities involving the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, deep gray matter, meninges, hippocampi, and corpus callosum are presented and highlighted.
Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Seizures/pathology , Brain Diseases/diagnosis , Brain Diseases/pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Seizures/diagnosis , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this essay are to illustrate the causes of FLAIR hyperintensity in the subarachnoid space and to outline the mechanisms of the findings. CONCLUSION: FLAIR subarachnoid space hyperintensity may be encountered with both pathological conditions and artifacts. Knowledge of these conditions and appearances coupled with any associated findings may suggest the cause of the FLAIR subarachnoid space hyperintensity. A diffuse distribution and a lack of ancillary findings often remain nonspecific and may require clinical correlation and CSF analysis.
