The Role of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound in Guiding Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study.

PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) using ultrasound (US)-specific microbubbles in guiding radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 50 patients with HCC treated with CEUS guided RFA using perflutren at our institution was performed. CEUS images were first compared to B-mode US images performed at the same RFA session to determine the ability of CEUS to increase the conspicuity of lesions. A qualitative score (1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = excellent) was used to grade the ability to visualize the lesions. The preprocedure CEUS images were then evaluated using the most recent prior contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated with short-term follow-up imaging (median 1 month) for presence of residual or recurrent disease. RESULTS: CEUS allows at least fair visualization (score ≥2) in 78% (reader 1) and 80% (reader 2) of the lesions not visualized by B-mode US, and 50% (reader 1) and 42% (reader 2) of the lesions poorly visualized by B-mode US. Lesion appearances on CEUS are largely concordant with those on CT or MRI: 88% for reader 1, 96% for reader 2. With CEUS-guided RFA, complete response was achieved in the vast majority of the lesions at short-term follow-up: 82% for reader 1, 94% for reader 2. CONCLUSIONS: CEUS increases the conspicuity and provides better characterization of hypervascular HCC that are either not seen or poorly seen on B-mode US, and CEUS provides real-time guidance of RFA with good short-term treatment responses.

"EcoRadiology"--pulling the plug on wasted energy in the radiology department.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the power consumption of various devices around the radiology department, audit our use of recycling, and review efforts by vendors to reduce the environmental impact of their products. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a readily available power monitor, we calculated the power consumption of different devices around our department. In particular, we calculated the financial and environmental cost of leaving equipment on overnight and/or at weekends. When it was not possible to measure energy usage directly, we obtained and reviewed relevant technical manuals. We contacted vendors directly to document how the environmental impact of new technology and decommissioning aging technology is being tackled. RESULTS: We found that 29 of 43 desktop computers and 25 of 27 picture archiving and communications system (PACS) reporting stations were left on needlessly overnight and/or at weekends, resulting in estimated electrical running costs while not in use of approximately $7253 per year, and CO2 emissions equivalent to the annual emissions of over 10 passenger cars. We discovered that none of our PACS reporting stations supported energy-saving modes such as "sleep" or "hibernate." Despite encouraging staff to turn off computers when not in use, a reaudit found no improvement in results. CONCLUSIONS: Simple steps such as turning off computers and air-conditioning units can produce very significant financial and environmental savings. Radiology can lead the way in making hospitals more energy efficient.

An 18FDG-PET/CT finding of a mediastinal abscess.

A 66-year-old man with left pyriform fossa squamous cell carcinoma (T2N0) was treated with chemoradiation. Nine months later, an emergency tracheostomy was performed for respiratory distress. Contrast-enhanced neck and thorax CT demonstrated a right pyriform mass. FDG-PET/CT showed linear increased uptake extending superiorly from the tracheostomy to the right Eustachian tube and inferiorly to the posterior mediastinum. Postmortem examination confirmed a 7 × 2.2 cm abscess extending from the right parapharyngeal, peritracheal, and prevertebral structures to the mediastinum.

Liver Transplantation for Post reperfusion Syndrome due to Surgical Packing of a Lacerated Liver.

The liver is the most frequently injured intra-abdominal organ and is the main cause of death in patients with abdominal injuries (mortality 10-15%). Grades III and IV liver injuries may present a complex problem to the surgeon. Several techniques to prevent exsanguination have been described including perihepatic packing, hepatic artery ligation, liver suturing or resection, and hepatectomy with transplantation. We report a case of a trauma patient who underwent perihepatic packing to control bleeding. Following pack removal, the patient developed severe cardiorespiratory depression resulting from postreperfusion syndrome requiring emergency total hepatectomy and liver transplantation. Types I-III hepatic injuries can safely be treated conservatively. Complex injuries (types IV and V) result in significant mortality, often requiring operative intervention. Indications of transplantion are uncontrollable hemorrhage or irreversible liver dysfunction. Literature reports describe liver transplantation as a second line treatment of complications following initial treatment. Our patient underwent liver transplantation as a second line treatment. The decision to transplant was based on two pathologic findings, ischemic changes of the liver and sudden cardio-respiratory decompensation following restoration of the blood supply to the liver. Both complications are emergencies, leading to death if not recognized and treated instantly. A total hepatectomy with temporary portocaval shunt followed by liver transplantation immediately or at a later stage is a life saving treatment for such cases.

Combined genetic assessment of transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway variants may predict breast cancer risk.

There is growing evidence that common variants of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway may modify breast cancer risk. In vitro studies have shown that some variants increase TGF-beta signaling, whereas others have an opposite effect. We tested the hypothesis that a combined genetic assessment of two well-characterized variants may predict breast cancer risk. Consecutive patients (n = 660) with breast cancer from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY) and healthy females (n = 880) from New York City were genotyped for the hypomorphic TGFBR1*6A allele and for the TGFB1 T29C variant that results in increased TGF-beta circulating levels. Cases and controls were of similar ethnicity and geographic location. Thirty percent of cases were identified as high or low TGF-beta signalers based on TGFB1 and TGFBR1 genotypes. There was a significantly higher proportion of high signalers (TGFBR1/TGFBR1 and TGFB1*CC) among controls (21.6%) than cases (15.7%; P = 0.003). The odds ratio [OR; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)] for individuals with the lowest expected TGF-beta signaling level (TGFB1*TT or TGFB1*TC and TGFBR1*6A) was 1.69 (1.08-2.66) when compared with individuals with the highest expected TGF-signaling levels. Breast cancer risk incurred by low signalers was most pronounced among women after age 50 years (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.01-4.16). TGFBR1*6A was associated with a significantly increased risk for breast cancer (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.04-2.06), but the TGFB1*CC genotype was not associated with any appreciable risk (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.63-1.21). TGFBR1*6A effect was most pronounced among women diagnosed after age 50 years (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.25-3.87). This is the first study assessing the TGF-beta signaling pathway through two common and functionally relevant TGFBR1 and TGFB1 variants. This approach may predict breast cancer risk in a large subset of the population.