Degaussing procedure and performance enhancement by low-frequency shaking of a 3-layer magnetically shielded room.

We report on the performance of a Magnetically Shielded Room (MSR) intended for next level 3He/129Xe co-magnetometer experiments that require improved magnetic conditions. The MSR consists of three layers of Mu-metal with a thickness of 3 mm each and one additional highly conductive copper-coated aluminum layer with a thickness of 8 mm. It has a cubical shape with a walk-in interior volume with an edge length of 2560 mm. An optimized degaussing (magnetic equilibration) procedure using a frequency sweep with a constant amplitude followed by an exponential decay of the amplitude will be presented. The procedure for the whole MSR takes 21 min, and measurements of the residual magnetic field at the center of the MSR show that |B| < 1 nT can be reached reliably. The chosen degaussing procedure will be motivated by online hysteresis measurements of the assembled MSR and by eddy-current simulations, showing that saturation at the center of the Mu-metal layer is reached. Shielding factors can be improved by a factor ≈4 in all directions by low frequency (0.2 Hz), low current (1 A) shaking of the outermost Mu-metal layer.

Spherical fused silica cells filled with pure helium for nuclear magnetic resonance-magnetometry.

High magnetic fields (>1 T) are measured by NMR magnetometers with unrivaled precision if the precessing spin sample provides long coherence times. The longest coherence times are found in diluted (3)He samples, which can be hyperpolarized for sufficient signal strength. In order to have minimal influence on the homogeneity and value of the measured magnetic field, the optimal container for the (3)He should be a perfect sphere. A fused silica sphere with an inner diameter of 8 mm and an outer diameter of 12 mm was made from two hemispheres by diffusion bonding leaving only a small hole for cleaning and evacuation. This hole was closed in vacuum by a CO2 laser and the inner volume was filled with a few mbars of (3)He via wall permeation. NMR-measurements on such a sample had coherence times of 5 min. While the hemispheres were produced with <1 µm deviation from sphericity, the bonding left a step of ca. 50 µm at maximum. The influence of such a mismatch, its orientation, and the immediate environment of the sample is analyzed by FEM-simulations and discussed in view of coherence times and absolute field measurements.

Systematic T1 improvement for hyperpolarized 129xenon.

The spin-lattice relaxation time T1 of hyperpolarized (HP)-(129)Xe was improved at typical storage conditions (i.e. low and homogeneous magnetic fields). Very long wall relaxation times T(1)(wall) of about 18 h were observed in uncoated, spherical GE180 glass cells of ∅=10 cm which were free of rubidium and not permanently sealed but attached to a standard glass stopcock. An "aging" process of the wall relaxation was identified by repeating measurements on the same cell. This effect could be easily removed by repeating the initial cleaning procedure. In this way, a constant wall relaxation was ensured. The Xe nuclear spin-relaxation rate 1/T1(Xe-Xe) due to van der Waals molecules was investigated too, by admixing three different buffer gases (N(2), SF(6) and CO(2)). Especially CO(2) exhibited an unexpected high efficiency (r) in shortening the lifetime of the Xe-Xe dimers and hence prolonging the total T1 relaxation even further. These measurements also yielded an improved accuracy for the van der Waals relaxation for pure Xe (with 85% (129)Xe) of T(1)(Xe-Xe)=(4.6±0.1)h. Repeating the measurements with HP (129)Xe in natural abundance in mixtures with SF6, a strong dependence of T(1)(Xe-Xe) and r on the isotopic enrichment was observed, uncovering a shorter T(1)(Xe-Xe) relaxation for the (129)Xe in natural composition as compared to the 85% isotopically enriched gas.

Feasibility of functional magnetic resonance lung imaging in Australia with long distance transport of hyperpolarized helium from Germany.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: MRI of the lung using hyperpolarized helium as an inhaled contrast agent has important research applications and clinical potential. Owing to the limited availability of hyperpolarized helium, this type of imaging has not been performed in the human lung outside of North America or Europe. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of imaging human lungs in Australia using hyperpolarized helium gas imported from Germany. METHODS: A Bruker 2-Tesla whole-body magnetic resonance scanner located in Brisbane, Australia was adapted with a helium-3 radiofrequency transceiver coil. Helium-3 was hyperpolarized to 72% in Mainz, Germany and airfreighted to Brisbane. The time taken for the journey was 32 h and scanning was performed 36-40 h after departure from Mainz, with an estimated polarization level of 44%. Procedures were developed to transfer 300 mL of the hyperpolarized helium to Tedlar bags filled with 700 mL of nitrogen. Healthy volunteers inhaled the 1 L helium/nitrogen mixture from FRC, and imaging was performed with a 10 s breathhold. RESULTS: Imaging showed very detailed and even ventilation of all regions of the lung with a good signal-to-noise ratio. No adverse effects of inhaling the gas mixture were noted. CONCLUSIONS: This report of MRI of the human lung using hyperpolarized helium demonstrates the feasibility of long distance gas transport from Germany to Australia. This will help to facilitate research and clinical application of this innovative functional lung imaging technique.

Controlling diffusion of 3He by buffer gases: a structural contrast agent in lung MRI.

PURPOSE: To study the influence of admixing inert buffer gases to laser-polarized (3)He in terms of resulting diffusion coefficients and the consequences for image contrast and resolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The diffusion coefficient of (3)He was altered by admixing buffer gases of various molecular weights ((4)He, N(2), and SF(6)). The influence of the pulse sequence and the diffusion coefficient on the appearance of MRI of (laser-polarized) gases was analyzed by comparison of basic theoretical concepts with demonstrative experiments. RESULTS: Excellent agreement between theoretical description and observed signal in simple gradient echoes was observed. A maximum signal gain can be predicted and was experimentally validated. Images acquired under such conditions revealed improved resolution. The nature and concentration of the admixed gas defines a structural threshold for the observed apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) as demonstrated with diffusion-weighted MRI on a pig's lung flooded with suitable gas mixtures. CONCLUSION: A novel procedure is proposed to control the diffusion coefficient of gases in MRI by admixture of inert buffer gases. Their molecular mass and concentration enter as additional parameters into the equations that describe structural contrast. This allows for setting a structural threshold up to which structures contribute to the image. For MRI of the lung this enables images of very small structural elements (alveoli) only, or in the other extreme, all airways can be displayed with minimal signal loss due to diffusion.

[Microstructure of the lung: diffusion measurement of hyperpolarized 3Helium]. / Mikrostruktur der Lunge: Untersuchung mittels Diffusionsmessung von hochpolarisiertem 3Helium.

Imaging methods to study the lung are traditionally based on x-ray or on radioactive contrast agents. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has only limited applications for lung imaging because of the low tissue density of protons concentration of hydrogen atoms, which are usually the basis for the imaging. The introduction of hyperpolarized noble gases as a contrast agent in MRI has opened new possibilities for lung diagnosis. The present paper describes this new technique. Diffusion-weighted MRI for assessment of the lung microstructure is presented here as an example of the new possibilities of functional imaging. Studies to determine the sensitivity of the diffusion measurement and regarding the correlation with traditionally established methods are also presented, along with results of the measurement of the reproducibility determined in a clinical pilot study on healthy volunteers and patients. Furthermore, a pilot measurement of the 3He diffusion tensor in the lung is presented.