Higher Education Instructors' Usage of and Learning From Student Evaluations of Teaching - Do Achievement Goals Matter?

Identifying what motivates and hinders higher education instructors in their self-regulated learning from student evaluations of teaching (SETs) is important for improving future teaching and facilitating student learning. According to models of self-regulated learning, we propose a model for the usage of SETs as a learning situation. In a longitudinal study, we investigate the associations between achievement goals and the usage of and learning from SETs in the context of higher education. In total, 407 higher education instructors (46.4% female; 38.60 years on average) with teaching commitments in Germany or Austria reported their achievement goals in an online survey. Out of these participants, 152 instructors voluntarily conducted SET(s) and subsequently reported their intentions to act on the feedback and improve future teaching in a short survey. Using structural equation modeling, we found, in line with our hypotheses, that learning avoidance, appearance approach, and appearance avoidance goals predicted whether instructors voluntarily conducted SET(s). As expected, learning approach and (avoidance) goals were positively associated with intentions to act on received SET-results and improve future teaching. These findings support our hypotheses, are in line with assumptions of self-regulated learning models, and highlight the importance of achievement goals for instructors' voluntary usage of and intended learning from SET(s). To facilitate instructors' learning from SET-results, our study constitutes a first step for future intervention studies to build on. Future researchers and practitioners might support instructors' professional learning by encouraging them to reflect on their SET-results.

Shifting from face-to-face to online teaching during COVID-19: The role of university faculty achievement goals for attitudes towards this sudden change, and their relevance for burnout/engagement and student evaluations of teaching quality.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many faculty members were required to abruptly shift from face-to-face to online teaching. Within this, some instructors managed well, while others struggled. To elucidate interindividual differences in online teaching and learning during this unexpected circumstance, we focus on faculty members' attitudes towards this shift and examine their associations with underlying motivations as well as burnout/engagement and student learning. We analyzed longitudinal data of 80 faculty members' achievement goals during the semester prior to shifting to online teaching, as well as their attitudes and burnout/engagement during the first semester with enforced online teaching. We additionally included 703 student ratings of these faculty members' teaching quality. Results indicated that learning approach goals of faculty were positively associated with perceiving the shift to online teaching as a positive challenge and as useful for their own competence development. Conversely, performance (appearance) avoidance and work avoidance goals went along with perceiving this change as threatening, which was in turn positively related to burnout levels and negatively related to student ratings of teaching quality. Taken together, these findings point to the relevance of faculty goals and attitudes for successful online teaching and learning.

Exploring University Instructors' Achievement Goals and Discrete Emotions.

Emerging empirical evidence indicates that discrete emotions are associated with teaching practices and professional experiences of university instructors. However, further investigations are necessary given that university instructors often face high job demands and compromised well-being. Achievement goals, which frame achievement-related thoughts and actions, have been found to describe motivational differences in university instructors and are hypothesized to be associated with their discrete emotions. Moreover, as variation exists in how university instructors respond to job demands regarding their emotional experiences, certain goals may moderate this relationship on the basis of framing different interpretations and reactions to stressors. To investigate these links, 439 instructors (46.7% female) from German and Austrian universities completed a survey assessing their achievement goals, discrete emotions (enjoyment, pride, anger, anxiety, shame, and boredom), and job demands. As hypothesized, multiple regression analyses revealed that achievement goals were differentially and meaningfully associated with discrete emotions. Specifically, learning approach goals were positively related to enjoyment and negatively related to anger and boredom, while learning avoidance goals were positively related to anger. Performance (appearance) approach goals were positively related to pride, and performance (appearance) avoidance goals were positively related to anxiety and shame. Lastly, relational goals were positively related to shame and boredom, and work avoidance goals were negatively related to enjoyment and positively related to shame and boredom. Conclusive moderation effects on the relations between job demands and emotions were not found. Future research avenues aimed at further understanding the supportive role that achievement goals can have for university instructors' emotional experiences and well-being are discussed.

Effects of sleep on a high-heat capacity mattress on sleep stages, EEG power spectra, cardiac interbeat intervals and body temperatures in healthy middle-aged men‡.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study deals with the question whether a slow (non-disturbing) reduction of core body temperature (CBT) during sleep increases sleep stage N3 and EEG slow wave energy (SWE) and leads to a slowing of heart rate in humans. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two healthy male subjects with a mean ± SD age 46 ± 4 years and body mass index 25.2 ± 1.8 kg/m2. METHODS: A high-heat capacity mattress (HM) was used to lower body temperatures in sleep and was compared to a conventional low-heat capacity mattress (LM) in a double-blinded fashion. Polysomnography was performed accompanied by measurements of skin-, core body- and mattress surface-temperatures, and heart rate. EEG power spectral analyses were carried out using Fast Fourier Transform. Interbeat intervals were derived from the electrocardiogram. RESULTS: The HM led to a larger decline in CBT, mediated through higher heat conduction from the core via the proximal back skin onto the mattress together with reduced heart rate. These effects occurred together with a significant increase in sleep stage N3 and standardized slow wave energy (sSWE, 0.791-4.297 Hz) accumulated in NREM sleep. In the 2nd half of the night sSWE increase was significantly correlated with body temperature changes, for example with CBT decline in the same phase. CONCLUSIONS: A HM subtly decreases CBT, leading to an increased amount of sleep stage N3 and of sSWE, as well as a slowing of heart rate.

Electrical brain stimulation (tES) improves learning more than performance: A meta-analysis.

Researchers have recently started evaluating whether stimulating the brain noninvasively with a weak and painless electrical current (transcranial Electrical Stimulation, tES) enhances physiological and cognitive processes. Some studies found that tES has weak but positive effects on brain physiology, cognition, or assessment performance, which has attracted massive public interest. We present the first meta-analytic test of the hypothesis that tES in a learning phase is more effective than tES in an assessment phase. The meta-analysis included 246 effect sizes from studies on language or mathematical competence. The effect of tES was stronger when stimulation was administered during a learning phase (d=0.712) as compared to stimulation administered during test performance (d=0.207). The overall effect was stimulation-dosage specific and, as found in a previous meta-analysis, significant only for anodal stimulation and not for cathodal. The results provide evidence for the modulation of long-term synaptic plasticity by tES in the context of practically relevant learning tasks and highlight the need for more systematic evaluations of tES in educational settings.

Avaliação da eficácia do software "Alfabetização Fônica" para alunos com deficiência mental / Assessment of efficacy of the Phonic Literacy software for students with intellectual disability

o objetivo do estudo foi verificar a eficácia da intervenção com o software Alfabetização Fônica Computadorizada em alunos com deficiência mental. O software possibilita a realização de atividades que desenvolvem a consciência fonológica e a compreensão das relações grafofonêmicas. Participaram do estudo 22 crianças e adolescentes com idades entre 10 a 17 anos. Foi feita avaliação inicial do nível intelectual com a Escala de Maturidade Mental Columbia e a Escala de Inteligência Weschsler para Crianças. Os participantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: experimental e controle. Os grupos foram pareados por sexo, idade e nível de inteligência. A Bateria de Avaliação de Leitura e Escrita e a Prova de Consciência Fonológica por Produção Oral foram aplicadas no início e término do estudo. Dezesseis sessões individuais com o software "Alfabetização Fônica Computadorizada" foram conduzidas com os participantes do grupo experimental. Os resultados indicaram melhora nas habilidades de escrita e leitura e nos indicadores de consciência fonológica apenas para as crianças e adolescentes do grupo experimental. Comparação com dados normativos identificaram que os participantes do grupo experimental apresentavam um desempenho semelhante ao de crianças no final do ensino infantil e, após a intervenção o desempenho era semelhante aqueles da 2ª série do ensino fundamental.

the aim of the study was to verify the effectiveness of computer based intervention with the Phonological Awareness Literacy Software for students with intellectual disabilities. The software enables participation in activities that stimulate the development of phonological awareness and grapheme to phoneme conversion. Twenty-two children and teenagers between the ages of 10 and 17 years participated in the study. Initial evaluation of cognitive development level was performed using the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. All the participants were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. The groups were matched for sex, age, and cognitive development level. The Reading and Writing Tests Battery and The Verbal Phonological Awareness Test were used for assessment at the beginning and end of the intervention program. Sixteen individual sessions were run with the experimental group participants using the Computerized Phonological Reading software. The results indicated improvements in writing, reading and phonological awareness skills only for the experimental group. Comparison with normative data showed that before the intervention the experimental group's performance was on the level of pre-school children, but after the intervention, they tested at the 2nd grade level.