Distribuição espacial e sazonal de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) no Parque Municipal do Piqueri, São Paulo / Spatial and seasonal distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Piqueri Municipal Park, São Paulo

Introdução: Febre amarela urbana, dengue, chikungunya e Zika vírus são arboviroses transmitidas pela picada das fêmeas de mosquitos do gênero Aedes, principalmente Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus. São espécies simpátricas, que desenvolvem-se nos mesmos criadouros, porém, alguns aspectos biológicos desses vetores, como a distribuição e frequência, são influenciados pelo nível de urbanização do ambiente e pelas variáveis climáticas. Objetivo: Avaliar a distribuição e frequência do Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus em três diferentes áreas do Parque Municipal do Piqueri, na zona leste de São Paulo, durante a primavera e o outono. Metodologia: Durante seis semanas consecutivas das primaveras de 2014 e de 2015 e dos outonos de 2015 e de 2016, ovitrampas foram instaladas em três diferentes áreas do parque, delimitadas de acordo com a distância da região habitada e grau de cobertura vegetal: A (interna), B (intermediária) e C (periférica). No laboratório, os ovos eclodiram sob temperatura ambiente e larvas L4 foram identificadas por espécie. Dados de temperatura e pluviosidade foram obtidos junto ao Centro de Gerenciamento de Emergências da Prefeitura de São Paulo. Resultados: Foram coletados 38.561 ovos de Aedes, 23.509 larvas foram identificadas: 5.270 de Ae. aegypti e 18.239 de Ae. albopictus. O maior número de ovos foi coletado nas primaveras (25.457; 66 por cento ) e a maior taxa de eclosão de ovos foi obtida nos outonos (68,3 por cento em 2015; 80,4 por cento em 2016). Utilizando a Razão de Taxas de Incidência (Incidence Rate Ratio, IRR), os modelos da regressão binominal negativa indicaram associação entre a oviposição dos vetores e estação, sendo essa associação explicada pelas temperaturas máximas e mínimas. Os mapas da krigagem evidenciaram a distribuição espacial das espécies com Ae. aegypti concentrado na área C, a qual está fortemente associado e Ae. albopictus distribuindo-se pelas três áreas de estudo, principalmente A e B, sem associação significativa. Conclusão: A presença de Ae. aeypti e Ae. albopictus já foi apontado nos parques da cidade de São Paulo, mostrando o quanto esses culicídeos estão adaptados a essas áreas verde urbanas. Os resultados do estudo corroboram com dados da literatura e demonstram que, o aumento em uma unidade das variáveis temperatura máxima e mínima, incide também no aumento da oviposição de ambas espécies. A distribuição espacial mostrou o padrão de segregação dos vetores com Ae. aegypti, estritamente antropofílico, concentrado na área C, próxima a região habitada, enquanto Ae. albopictus, de comportamento eclético e associado a áreas com determinado grau de cobertura vegetal, concentrado entre as áreas A e B, mas também encontrado na área C. Os parques urbanos podem servir de refúgio para essas espécies vetoras, que encontram abrigo e fonte de alimento nesses locais, podendo estabelecer ciclos de transmissão de arbovírus, portanto, é de grande interesse que a vigilância epidemiológica também atue nessas áreas

Introduction: Urban yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus are arboviruses transmitted by the bite of females of mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, mainly Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. They are sympatric species that develop in the same breeding sites, but some biological aspects of these vectors, such as distribution and frequency, are influenced by the level of urbanization of the environment and by climatic variables. Objective: To evaluate the distribution and frequency of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in three different areas of Piqueri Municipal Park, in the east zone of São Paulo, during spring and autumn. Methodology: During six consecutive weeks of spring of 2014 and 2015 and the autumn of 2015 and 2016, oviposition traps were installed in three different areas of the park, delimited according to the distance of the inhabited region and degree of vegetation coverage: A (internal), B (intermediate ) and C (peripheral). In the laboratory, eggs hatched at room temperature and L4 larvae were identified by species. Temperature and rainfall data were obtained from the Emergency Management Center of the City of São Paulo (CGE/SP). Results: A total of 38.561 Aedes eggs were collected, 23.509 larvae were identified: 5.270 Ae. aegypti and 18.239 from Ae. albopictus. The highest number of eggs was collected in the spring (25.457; 66 per cent ) and the highest egg hatching rate was obtained in the autumn (68,3 per cent in 2015; 80,4 per cent in 2016). Using the Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR), the negative binomial regression models indicated an association between the oviposition of the vectors and the season, being this association explained by the maximum and minimum temperatures. The kriging maps showed the spatial distribution of Ae. aegypti concentrated in area C, which is strongly associated and Ae. albopictus was distributed throughout the three study areas, mainly A and B, without significant association. Conclusion: The presence of Ae. aeypti and Ae. albopictus has already been pointed out in the parks of the city of São Paulo, showing how much these mosquitoes are adapted to these urban green areas. The results of the study corroborate with data from the literature and show that the increase in one unit of the maximum and minimum temperature variables also affects the increase of oviposition of both species. The spatial distribution showed the spatial segregation pattern of the vectors with Ae. aegypti, strictly anthropophilic, concentrated where human contact is greatest (area C), while Ae. albopictus, with eclectic behavior and associated with areas with a certain degree of vegetation coverage, although it has concentrated its distribution between areas A and B, was also found in area C. Urban parks can serve as a refuge for these vectors species that find shelter and source of food in these places, being able establish cycles of arbovirus transmission, therefore, it is of great interest that epidemiological surveillance also act in these areas

[Distribution pattern of chemicals in surface waters as a reflexion of entry pattern--description of the problems]. / Stoffmusterverteilungen in Oberflächengewässern als Reflexion von Eintragsmustern--Darstellung der Problematik.

The distribution pattern of persistent substances made transparent chemically-analytically, in surface waters reflects--considering spatial-temporal limitations--an image of the input pattern. This permits in special cases repercussions on attributable (industrial enterprises, trade, plant production, pest control) or partly or completely anonymous (landfills, ancient deposits, contamination centres, traffic, atmospheric depositions) causative agents The classification of these information requires the knowledge of substance and substrate specifics, especially detailed information about production and/or application of the substances and so represents an interdisciplinary task. Assessing single substance analyses permits a comparison with limit values or literature data. The consideration of combinations of substances which belong together due to production, application and/or transformation may help to elucidate the input patterns. This differential-diagnostic method is presented by a first evaluation of analytical findings in surface waters of an industrialized town and its surroundings.

[Distribution pattern of chemicals in surface waters as a reflexion of entry pattern--volatile halogenated hydrocarbons]. / Stoffmusterverteilungen in Oberflächengewässern als Reflexion von Eintragsmustern--Leichtflüchtige halogenierte Kohlenwasserstoffe.

The part gives some data about various light volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in surface waters of the industrialized city and its surroundings--the halogenated forms, chloroform and bromoform and the most used solvents trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, tetrachloromethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. 80% of the concentrations of chloroform, tri- and tetrachloroethylene were in the range of less than 1 microgram l-1, 90% of bromoform, tetrachloromethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane were found to amount less than 0.1 microgram l-1. With the help of the differential-diagnostic assessment method described in the first part we tried to evaluate the data for tetrachloromethane. The highest values were obtained for almost all sampling points in April--a possible cause may be the use of this solvent for cleaning and repairing procedures with sport boats (although tetrachloromethane has been prohibited for such uses for some years there may be some remainders which were used for these purposes).

[Distribution pattern of chemicals in surface waters as a reflexion of entry pattern--heavy metals]. / Stoffmusterverteilung in Oberflächengewässern als Reflexion von Eintragsmustern--Schwermetalle.

The concentrations of the heavy metals lead, cadmium and mercury were measured in surface water samples of an industrialized city and its surroundings. All but one value of Cd (particular) were less than 0.5 microgram l-1, 30% of the lead (particular) values were less than 0.5 microgram l-1, 70% 0.5 ... 10 micrograms l-1, 86% of the total mercury less than 0.1 and 14% 0.1 ... 0.5 microgram l-1. By applying the differential-diagnostic assessment method it could be found that the highest values were found in the vicinity of a metal-using factory. On a sampling point near such an enterprise the part of particularly bound lead was very low, that means a recent input, whereas on another sampling point with a high total lead level 95% were particularly bound which refers to a continuous input.

[Distribution pattern of chemical in surface waters as a reflexion of entry pattern--nonvolatile halogenated hydrocarbons]. / Stoffmusterverteilungen in Oberflächengewässern als Reflexion von Eintragsmustern--Schwerflüchtige halogenierte Kohlenwasserstoffe.

The concentrations of some nonvolatile halogenated hydrocarbons in surface waters of an industrialized city and its surroundings are given. About 80% of the ballast isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha, beta and delta BHC) and of DDT and its metabolites are in the range of less than 5 micrograms l-1, whereas ca. 50% of lindane (gamma BHC) were found to be between 5 and 100 micrograms l-1. Starting form the remarks about the differential-diagnostic assessment of environmental concentrations conclusions as to the origin of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers are drawn with the help of their distribution pattern. A high part of the gamma isomer, compared with the ballast isomers means an application (e.g. against mosquitos). This fact may be supported if it coincides with the months typical for such an application. in contrast to this if you have high percentages of alpha, beta and delta hexachlorocyclohexane, it indicates a point source or diffuse inputs of technical BHC. If all four isomers are present on a comparable and very low level this may reflect a remobilization from the sediment.