How to Equalize High- and Low-Intensity Endurance Exercise Dose.

PURPOSE: Without appropriate standardization of exercise doses, comparing high- (HI) and low-intensity (LI) training outcomes might become a matter of speculation. In athletic preparation, proper quantification ensures an optimized stress-to-recovery ratio. This review aims to compare HI and LI doses by estimating theoretically the conversion ratio, 1:x, between HI and LI: How many minutes, x, of LI are equivalent to 1 minute of HI using various quantification methods? A scrutinized analysis on how the dose increases in relation to duration and intensity was also made. ANALYSIS: An estimation was conducted across 4 categories encompassing 10 different approaches: (1) "arbitrary" methods, (2) physiological and perceptual measurements during exercise, (3) postexercise measurements, and comparison to (4a) acute and (4b) chronic intensity-related maximum dose. The first 2 categories provide the most conservative estimation for the HI:LI ratio (1:1.5-1:10), and the third, slightly higher (1:4-1:11). The category (4a) provides the highest estimation (1:52+) and (4b) suggests 1:10 to 1:20. The exercise dose in the majority of the approaches increase linearly in relation to duration and exponentially in relation to intensity. CONCLUSIONS: As dose estimations provide divergent evaluations of the HI:LI ratio, the choice of metric will have a large impact on the research designs, results, and interpretations. Therefore, researchers should familiarize themselves with the foundations and weaknesses of their metrics and justify their choice. Last, the linear relationship between duration and exercise dose is in many cases assumed rather than thoroughly tested, and its use should be subjected to closer scrutiny.

Endurance training volume cannot entirely substitute for the lack of intensity.

PURPOSE: Very low intensity endurance training (LIT) does not seem to improve maximal oxygen uptake. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if very high volume of LIT could compensate the lack of intensity and is LIT affecting differently low and high intensity performances. METHODS: Recreationally active untrained participants (n = 35; 21 females) cycled either LIT (mean training time 6.7 ± 0.7 h / week at 63% of maximal heart rate, n = 16) or high intensity training (HIT) (1.6 ± 0.2 h /week, n = 19) for 10 weeks. Two categories of variables were measured: Low (first lactate threshold, fat oxidation at low intensity exercise, post-exercise recovery) and high (aerobic capacity, second lactate threshold, sprinting power, maximal stroke volume) intensity performance. RESULTS: Only LIT enhanced pooled low intensity performance (LIT: p = 0.01, ES = 0.49, HIT: p = 0.20, ES = 0.20) and HIT pooled high intensity performance (LIT: p = 0.34, ES = 0.05, HIT: p = 0.007, ES = 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, very low endurance training intensity cannot fully be compensated by high training volume in adaptations to high intensity performance, but it nevertheless improved low intensity performance. Therefore, the intensity threshold for improving low intensity performance is lower than that for improving high intensity performance. Consequently, evaluating the effectiveness of LIT on endurance performance cannot be solely determined by high intensity performance tests.

Contraction of Respiratory Viral Infection During air Travel: An Under-Recognized Health Risk for Athletes.

Air travel has an important role in the spread of viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Aircraft offer an ideal setting for the transmission of ARI because of a closed environment, crowded conditions, and close-contact setting. Numerous studies have shown that influenza and COVID-19 spread readily in an aircraft with one virus-positive symptomatic or asymptomatic index case. The numbers of secondary cases differ markedly in different studies most probably because of the wide variation of the infectiousness of the infector as well as the susceptibility of the infectees. The primary risk factor is sitting within two rows of an infectious passenger. Elite athletes travel frequently and are thus prone to contracting an ARI during travel. It is anecdotally known in the sport and exercise medicine community that athletes often contract ARI during air travel. The degree to which athletes are infected in an aircraft by respiratory viruses is unclear. Two recent studies suggest that 8% of Team Finland members traveling to major winter sports events contracted the common cold most probably during air travel. Further prospective clinical studies with viral diagnostics are needed to understand the transmission dynamics and to develop effective and socially acceptable preventive measures during air travel.

Association of Ideal Cardiovascular Health in Youth with Cancer Risk in Adulthood: A Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle factors may affect cancer risk. This study aimed to identify whether the American Heart Association ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) score and its individual variables in youth are associated with subsequent cancer incidence. METHODS: This study comprised participants of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study free of cancer at the analysis baseline in 1986 (n = 1,873). The baseline age was 12 to 24 years, and the follow-up occurred between 1986 and 2018. RESULTS: Among 1,873 participants (mean age 17.3 ± 4.1 years; 53.4% females at baseline), 72 incident cancer cases occurred during the follow-up (mean follow-up time 31.4 ± 3.4 years). Baseline ICH score was not associated with future cancer risk (HR, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-1.12 per 1-point increment). Of individual ICH score variables, ideal physical activity (PA) was inversely associated with cancer incidence [age- and sex-adjusted HR, 0.45 (0.23-0.88) per 1-category change (nonideal/ideal)] and remained significant in the multivariable-adjusted model, including body mass index, smoking, diet, and socioeconomic status. A continuous PA index at ages 9 to 24 years and moderate-to-vigorous PA in youth were also related to decreased cancer incidence (P < 0.05). Body mass index, smoking, diet, total cholesterol, glucose, and blood pressure were not related to cancer risk. Of the dietary components, meat consumption was associated with cancer incidence (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that higher PA levels in youth are associated with a reduced subsequent cancer incidence, whereas the American Heart Association's ICH score in youth does not. IMPACT: This finding supports efforts to promote a healthy lifestyle and encourages PA during childhood, yielding a subsequent healthier life.

Perceived coaches' health promotion activity, maintenance of participation in sports, and lifestyle habits among emerging adults: a four-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVES: This study focused on how adolescents' perceptions of coaches' health promotion activity predict maintained participation and dropout in organized sports in emerging adulthood. In addition, differences in lifestyle habits between maintainers, dropouts, and nonparticipants in organized sports were explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Overall, 616 adolescents reported organized sports participation in the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) study at ages 15 and 19. Of these, 323 reported coach's health promotion activity on health topics at the age of 15. An index of a coach's general health promotion activity was formed. At age 19, all study participants reported their lifestyle habits. RESULTS: Among males, those who had perceived coaches' general health promotion activity as frequent were more likely to be maintainers than dropouts (48.6% vs. 20.0%) (p = .002). Among females, there was no significant difference (32.0% vs. 28.4%). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender showed that perceiving coach's general health promotion activity as frequent increased the odds of being a maintainer rather than a dropout. Moreover, maintainers had higher odds of having healthy lifestyle habits when compared to nonparticipants (related to physical activity; sleep; fruit and vegetable consumption; and cigarette use) or dropouts (related to physical activity; and cigarette use). In addition, dropouts had higher odds of having healthy lifestyle habits than nonparticipants (related to sleep; and cigarette use). CONCLUSIONS: Perceiving coaches' health promotion activity as frequent was related to maintained participation in organized sports among males. Maintainers were more likely to have more healthy lifestyle habits than nonparticipants and dropouts. There is a need to invest in coaches' health promotion activity when it is infrequent. A more detailed understanding is needed of coaches' health promotion activity that supports both maintained participation in sports, especially among females, and healthy lifestyle habits in emerging adulthood.

There is a need to invest in coaches' health promotion activity when it is infrequent in order to support adolescents' continued participation in organized sports and healthy lifestyle habits in emerging adulthood.

Associations between arterial health and sexual function in women aged 60-64 years.

INTRODUCTION: Female sexual dysfunction is very common, but its determinants remain under-investigated. Vasculogenic impairments are suggested to be related to female sexual dysfunction, but previous literature regarding the association is scarce. This study aims to study the association between arterial health and female sexual function in women in their 60s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample for this cross-sectional study comprised 117 women (aged 60-64 years) who participated in the Finnish Retirement and Aging study. Arterial health was measured according to the participants' pulse wave velocity, ankle-brachial index, blood pressure, and pulse pressure. Sexual function was measured using the Female Sexual Function Index, which resulted in a total score and six sub-scores. Associations were examined using multivariable regression analyses, which were adjusted for age, relationship happiness, systemic menopausal hormone therapy and/or local estrogen, smoking, alcohol risk use, body mass index, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Higher diastolic blood pressure was associated with a higher total Female Sexual Function Index score (ß = 0.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07-0.41) and with higher desire (ß = 0.02, 95% CI 0.01-0.04), arousal (ß = 0.04, 95% CI 0.01-0.08), lubrication (ß = 0.04, 95% CI 0.002-0.08), satisfaction (ß = 0.03, 95% CI 0.003-0.05), and pain (ß = 0.06, 95% CI 0.02-0.10) sub-scores. Also, higher ankle-brachial index was associated with higher satisfaction sub-score (ß = 2.10, 95% CI 0.44-3.73) and lower pulse pressure was associated with higher orgasm sub-score (ß = 0.03, 95% CI 0.0002-0.06). Other associations between ankle-brachial index and Female Sexual Function Index scores were statistically insignificant, but considering the magnitude the findings may imply clinical significance. Systolic blood pressure and pulse wave velocity were not associated with sexual function. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested a plausible association between higher diastolic blood pressure and female sexual function, but considering clinical significance our findings suggest an association between higher ankle-brachial index and good sexual function in women in their 60s.

Sports-related factors predicting maintained participation and dropout in organized sports in emerging adulthood: A four-year follow-up study.

This study explored sports-related factors predicting organized sports participation in emerging adulthood. In the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) study, 354 sports club participants aged 15 at baseline reported their main sport, onset age, training volume, current competitive level, and future competitive orientation and participated in the follow-up study at age 19. There were differences in the proportions of maintainers and dropouts in a few sports: football (maintainers 58.6%), and among females, skating (maintainers 60.7%), and swimming (dropouts 80.0%). A binary logistic regression analysis showed that those who had started their main sport by school age (females OR 3.05/95% CI 1.34, 6.98; males OR 3.97/95% CI 1.48, 10.64) and had competed at national top level plus had aimed at success at the adult level competitions in future (females OR 3.42/95% CI 1.16, 10.09; males OR 3.58/95% CI 1.12, 11.41; among females, also had competed at national top level plus had aimed at success at junior level competitions [OR 3.42/95% CI 1.20, 9.78]) were more likely maintainers than dropouts. Early onset in the main sport and competitiveness were related to maintained sports participation while the opposites were related to dropouts in the current organized sports system.

Bone marrow metabolism is affected by body weight and response to exercise training varies according to anatomical location.

AIM: High body weight is a protective factor against osteoporosis, but obesity also suppresses bone metabolism and whole-body insulin sensitivity. However, the impact of body weight and regular training on bone marrow (BM) glucose metabolism is unclear. We studied the effects of regular exercise training on bone and BM metabolism in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for body weight. METHODS: We recruited 12 monozygotic twin pairs (mean ± SD age 40.4 ± 4.5 years; body mass index 32.9 ± 7.6, mean difference between co-twins 7.6 kg/m2 ; eight female pairs). Ten pairs completed the 6-month long training intervention. We measured lumbar vertebral and femoral BM insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) using 18 F-FDG positron emission tomography, lumbar spine bone mineral density and bone turnover markers. RESULTS: At baseline, heavier co-twins had higher lumbar vertebral BM GU (p < .001) and lower bone turnover markers (all p < .01) compared with leaner co-twins but there was no significant difference in femoral BM GU, or bone mineral density. Training improved whole-body insulin sensitivity, aerobic capacity (both p < .05) and femoral BM GU (p = .008). The training response in lumbar vertebral BM GU was different between the groups (time × group, p = .02), as GU tended to decrease in heavier co-twins (p = .06) while there was no change in leaner co-twins. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, regular exercise training increases femoral BM GU regardless of weight and genetics. Interestingly, lumbar vertebral BM GU is higher in participants with higher body weight, and training counteracts this effect in heavier co-twins even without reduction in weight. These data suggest that BM metabolism is altered by physical activity.

Psychosocial and health behavioural characteristics of longitudinal physical activity patterns: a cohort study from adolescence to young adulthood.

BACKGROUND: The decline in physical activity (PA) during adolescence is well-established. However, while some subgroups of adolescents follow the general pattern of decreased activity, others increase or maintain high or low activity. The correlates and determinants of different PA patterns may vary, offering valuable information for targeted health promotion. This study aimed to examine how psychosocial factors, health behaviours, and PA domains are associated with longitudinal PA patterns from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS: This prospective study encompassed 254 participants measured at mean ages 15 and 19. Device-measured moderate-to-vigorous PA was grouped into five patterns (activity maintainers, inactivity maintainers, decreasers from moderate to low PA, decreasers from high to moderate PA, increasers) via a data-driven method, K-Means for longitudinal data. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse the associations between health behaviours, psychosocial factors, PA domains, and different PA patterns. RESULTS: A lack of sports club participation characterised inactivity maintainers throughout adolescence. Difficulties in communicating with one's father at age 15 were associated with higher odds of belonging to inactivity maintainers and to decreasers from moderate to low PA. Lower fruit and vegetable consumption at age 19 was also related to increased odds of belonging to the groups of inactivity maintainers and decreasers from moderate to low PA. Smoking at age 19 was associated with being a decreaser from moderate to low PA. CONCLUSIONS: Diverse factors characterise longitudinal PA patterns over the transition to young adulthood. Sports club participation contributes to maintained PA. Moreover, a father-adolescent relationship that supports open communication may be one determinant for sustained PA during adolescence. A healthier diet and non-smoking as a young adult are associated with more favourable PA development.

Effects of 12-Month Training Intervention on Physical Fitness, Body Composition, and Health Markers in Finnish Navy Soldiers.

BACKGROUND: Most Western adults do not meet the recommendations for sufficient activity, and obesity is a global problem. Similar trends are also seen among Western military personnel. Many successful physical training interventions have been carried out in military environments, but the interventions have been quite short term, and the training has been supervised. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12-month voluntary motivational training intervention among the Finnish Defence Forces' (FDF) Navy soldiers. METHODS: In total, 77 FDF Navy soldiers, serving in missile patrol boats, took part in the study. The intervention group (IG) contained 45 participants and the control group (CG) contained 32 participants. The IG was divided into four teams that carried out the intervention, while the CG took part in only the measurements. RESULTS: Most of the participants (65%) in the IG reported that they had increased their exercise volume during the intervention, but no major beneficial impacts on the physical fitness, body composition, or health markers were observed. Nevertheless, there was a clear diversity visible between the subgroups in the IG. The team that reported the most exercise had the best motivation and the most motivated team coach and also had the most improved physical fitness and body composition results. CONCLUSIONS: The present study points out that in military environments, long-term voluntary training interventions may not be as successful as short-term supervised interventions. The results also suggest that in voluntary training interventions among military personnel, the participants' motivation to exercise is a key factor when improving physical fitness.

Is health promotion in sports clubs associated with adolescent participants' fruit and vegetable consumption?

BACKGROUND: Although sports clubs' potential for health promotion is acknowledged, research on whether they promote healthy eating is limited. We aimed to evaluate Finnish youth sports clubs' health promotion orientation, as well as associations between sports clubs' health promotion orientation, coaches' nutritional discussions and sports club participants' (SPs') fruit and/or vegetable consumption. METHODS: The cross-sectional study included 554 SPs aged 14-16 years, 275 club officials and 311 coaches. Participants replied to questionnaires about sports clubs' health promotion and their own health behaviours, including dietary habits. Health promotion orientation was estimated using a Health Promoting Sports Club (HPSC) index (range 0-22) and nutritional discussions and fruit and/or vegetable consumption as frequencies. A mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse the associations. RESULTS: Most sports clubs (69%) had a high health promotion orientation, but the variation between the clubs was wide (HPSC index range 5-21). SPs' daily fruit and/or vegetable consumption was associated with female gender [odds ratio (OR) 3.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.23-5.42, P < 0.001], better self-rated health (OR 3.26, 95% CI 1.13-9.41, P = 0.03), higher average school grades (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.04-2.67, P = 0.03), and SPs' responses that their coach had often discussed nutrition (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.41-3.14, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although sports clubs' orientation towards health promotion was mostly high, it seems not to be enough to promote healthy eating among adolescent participants. Instead, coaches' nutritional discussions were associated with adolescents' fruit and/or vegetable consumption.

Weekday and weekend physical activity patterns and their correlates among young adults.

BACKGROUND: Accelerometers enable assessment of within and between day variation in physical activity. The main aim was to examine weekday and weekend physical activity patterns among young adults. Additionally, correlates of the physical activity patterns were examined. METHODS: Overall 325 adults (mean age 26.0 years, standard deviation 0.03) from the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project used a wrist-worn ActiGraph accelerometer continuously for 1 week. Physical activity patterns over weekdays and weekends were identified by using the group-based trajectory modeling. Adolescent leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and sociodemographic characteristics (sex, marital and family status, education, work status, occupation, and health consciousness) were examined as possible correlates of physical activity patterns using multinomial regression analysis. RESULTS: Five patterns were identified: consistently low activity (45%), active on weekday evenings and weekends (32%), consistently moderate activity (11%), active on weekdays (7%), and consistently high activity (5%). Low adolescent LTPA was associated with consistently low activity pattern in young adulthood. Women were more likely than men to belong in the more physically active groups (all other groups except active on weekdays, odds ratios between 2.26 and 6.17). Those in the active on weekdays group had lower education, were more often in the working life and in manual occupations than those in the consistently low activity group. CONCLUSIONS: Marked heterogeneity in physical activity patterns across the week was observed among young adults. Especially history of physical activity, sex, education, work status, and occupation were associated with different physical activity patterns.

Tracking of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Activity from Youth to Young Adulthood: Findings from the Prospective Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP).

Using data from the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project, cardiorespiratory fitness (rank-order correlation coefficient = 0.60-0.62) tracked stronger than physical activity (rank-order correlation coefficient = 0.27-0.38) between youth (age = 17 years) and young adulthood (age = 26 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness could help identify individuals at risk of maintaining poor fitness levels or developing adverse health in adulthood.

Longitudinal physical activity patterns and the development of cardiometabolic risk factors during adolescence.

PURPOSE: To examine the associations between longitudinal physical activity (PA) patterns and the development of cardiometabolic risk factors from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS: This cohort study encompassed 250 participants recruited from sports clubs and schools, and examined at mean age 15 and 19. Device-measured moderate-to-vigorous PA was grouped into five patterns (via a data-driven method, using inactivity maintainers as a reference). The outcomes were: glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI). Linear growth curve models were applied with adjustment for sex, age, fruit/vegetable consumption, cigarette/snuff use, and change in the device wear-time. RESULTS: Insulin and BMI increased among decreasers from moderate to low PA (ß for insulin 0.23, 95% CI 0.03-0.46; ß for BMI 0.90; CI 0.02-1.78). The concentration of HDL cholesterol decreased (ß -0.18, CI -0.31 to -0.05) and that of glucose increased (ß 0.18, CI 0.02-0.35) among decreasers from high to moderate PA. By contrast, among increasers, blood pressure declined (systolic ß -6.43, CI -12.16 to -0.70; diastolic ß -6.72, CI -11.03 to -2.41). CONCLUSIONS: Already during the transition to young adulthood, changes in PA are associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors. Favorable blood pressure changes were found among PA increasers. Unfavorable changes in BMI, insulin, glucose, and HDL cholesterol were found in groups with decreasing PA. The changes were dependent on the baseline PA and the magnitude of the PA decline.

Durability is improved by both low and high intensity endurance training.

Introduction: This is one of the first intervention studies to examine how low- (LIT) and high-intensity endurance training (HIT) affect durability, defined as 'time of onset and magnitude of deterioration in physiological-profiling characteristics over time during prolonged exercise'. Methods: Sedentary and recreationally active men (n = 16) and women (n = 19) completed either LIT (average weekly training time 6.8 ± 0.7 h) or HIT (1.6 ± 0.2 h) cycling for 10 weeks. Durability was analyzed before and after the training period from three factors during 3-h cycling at 48% of pretraining maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 1) by the magnitude and 2) onset of drifts (i.e. gradual change in energy expenditure, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, ventilation, left ventricular ejection time, and stroke volume), 3) by the 'physiological strain', defined to be the absolute responses of heart rate and its variability, lactate, and rate of perceived exertion. Results: When all three factors were averaged the durability was improved similarly (time x group p = 0.42) in both groups (LIT: p = 0.03, g = 0.49; HIT: p = 0.01, g = 0.62). In the LIT group, magnitude of average of drifts and their onset did not reach statistically significance level of p < 0.05 (magnitude: 7.7 ± 6.8% vs. 6.3 ± 6.0%, p = 0.09, g = 0.27; onset: 106 ± 57 min vs. 131 ± 59 min, p = 0.08, g = 0.58), while averaged physiological strain improved (p = 0.01, g = 0.60). In HIT, both magnitude and onset decreased (magnitude: 8.8 ± 7.9% vs. 5.4 ± 6.7%, p = 0.03, g = 0.49; onset: 108 ± 54 min vs. 137 ± 57 min, p = 0.03, g = 0.61), and physiological strain improved (p = 0.005, g = 0.78). VO2max increased only after HIT (time x group p < 0.001, g = 1.51). Conclusion: Durability improved similarly by both LIT and HIT based on reduced physiological drifts, their postponed onsets, and changes in physiological strain. Despite durability enhanced among untrained people, a 10-week intervention did not alter drifts and their onsets in a large amount, even though it attenuated physiological strain.

Effect of menopause and age on vascular impairment.

AIMS: The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases increases in women after menopause. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of conventional cardiovascular risk factors such as age, blood pressure, smoking, cholesterol, obesity, and glucose balance, but also menopausal state and sleep-disordered breathing on vascular impairment during menopausal transition. METHODS: 89 women initiated the study and 74 of them participated in the 10-year follow-up. Cardiovascular disease risk factor assessments, ultrasound measurements of brachial artery function, including nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation and flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and sleep studies were repeated at baseline and at 5-year and 10-year follow-ups. RESULTS: Over the study period, all the cardiovascular disease risk estimates increased. Both flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (decline 55 %) and nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation (decline 18 %) worsened over the 10 years (p < 0.001). Vascular function was not associated with menopausal state (determined with follicle stimulating hormone). Systolic blood pressure (p = 0.009) and smoking (p = 0.006) at baseline were negatively associated with nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation at 5-year follow-up and the use of hormonal therapy at 5-year follow-up was positively associated with concurrent nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation (p = 0.041). Intermittent nocturnal hypoxemia at baseline was associated with flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation at 10-year follow-up (p = 0.043). High body mass index and impaired glucose balance at 5-year follow-up were associated with nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation decline at 10-year follow-up (p = 0.022 and p = 0.037, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate how cardiovascular risk factors and vascular function evolve during menopausal transition. Although menopause was not associated with vascular impairment, short-term improvement in vascular function was observed in those using menopausal hormonal therapy. Intermittent nocturnal hypoxemia, obesity and impaired glucose control are early predictors of vascular decline during postmenopause.

Association of physical activity with metabolic profile from adolescence to adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: Physical activity benefits cardiometabolic health, but little is known about its detailed links with serum lipoproteins, amino acids, and glucose metabolism at young age. We therefore studied the association of physical activity with a comprehensive metabolic profile measured repeatedly in adolescence. METHODS: The cohort is derived from the longitudinal Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project. At ages 13, 15, 17, and 19 years, data on physical activity were collected by a questionnaire, and circulating metabolic measures were quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics from repeatedly assessed serum samples (age 13: n = 503, 15: n = 472, 17: n = 466, and 19: n = 361). RESULTS: Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA;MET h/wk) was directly associated with concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and inversely with the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids (-0.006SD; [-0.008, -0.003]; p < 0.0001). LTPA was inversely associated with very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle concentration (-0.003SD; [-0.005, -0.001]; p = 0.002) and VLDL particle size (-0.005SD; [-0.007, -0.003]; p < 0.0001). LTPA showed direct association with the particle concentration and size of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and HDL cholesterol concentration (0.004SD; [0.002, 0.006]; p < 0.0001). Inverse associations of LTPA with triglyceride and total lipid concentrations in large to small sized VLDL subclasses were found. Weaker associations were seen for other metabolic measures including inverse associations with concentrations of lactate, isoleucine, glycoprotein acetylation, and a direct association with creatinine concentration. The results remained after adjusting for body mass index and proportions of energy intakes from macronutrients. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity during adolescence is beneficially associated with the metabolic profile including novel markers. The results support recommendations on physical activity during adolescence to promote health and possibly reduce future disease risks.

Changes in ambulatory blood pressure during the transition to retirement.

OBJECTIVES: Retirement is a major life event characterized by removal of work-related stressors and changes in health behaviours. The association between retirement and changes in blood pressure (BP), and particularly in ambulatory BP, has been scarcely studied. We aimed to examine changes in ambulatory BP during retirement transition. METHODS: Two hundred and fifty ageing workers (mean age 63.2 years, 84% women) from the Finnish Retirement and Aging study participated in annual office BP measurements and 114 (mean age 63.1, 90% women) of them underwent annual ambulatory BP measurements before and after retirement. On average, the participants provided data on ambulatory BP at 2.7 (range 2-4) measurements. We used generalized linear models to examine BP changes at retirement. RESULTS: Most marked changes in BP during the follow-up were observed for asleep SBP, which decreased before retirement, increased during retirement transition and plateaued after retirement (before retirement vs. retirement transition P  = 0.07 and after retirement vs. retirement transition P  = 0.02). Awake SBP and 24-h SBP declined with most apparent decrease before retirement (before retirement vs. retirement transition P  = 0.07 and P  = 0.07). Awake DBP and 24-h DBP showed relatively consistent decline throughout the follow-up with no differences between the time periods. SBP and DBP dipping reduced before and during retirement transition, but not after retirement. Among shift workers, asleep BP increased and BP dipping decreased more than in regular day workers. CONCLUSION: Retirement was found to associate with beneficial changes in awake BP but unfavourable changes in asleep BP, especially in shift workers.

Influenza A Outbreaks in Two Professional Ice Hockey Teams during COVID-19 Epidemic.

Influenza A outbreaks occurred in two professional hockey teams just after two games they played against each other. Thirteen players and two staff members fell ill during 17-20 April 2022, while COVID-19 was prevalent. Altogether, seven players missed an important game due to influenza. The rapid diagnosis permitted effective pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical control of the outbreaks.