Perspective-taking with affected others to promote climate change mitigation.

Prior evidence suggests that perspective-taking may promote pro-environmental behavior, at least for low-cost behaviors or local environmental problems. Climate change, however, requires costly mitigation efforts and is a global problem. Thus, in this study, we examine whether perspective-taking in the context of climate change is effective in promoting mitigation behaviors, including actual and/or costly behaviors, the mechanisms through which perspective-taking works, and if the distance to the person adversely affected by climate change matters for the effect. We conducted an online experiment with a non-student sample from Germany (n = 557), utilizing a 2 × 2 factorial design, to investigate the impact of perspective-taking and distance on three outcome measures: a climate donation, signing a petition, and approval of mitigation policies. We find that perspective-taking does not promote these mitigation behaviors, yet it raises the degree perspective-takers value and - for close others - feel connected with the affected person. Exploratory analysis shows that dispositional perspective-taking and empathic concern are correlated with mitigation behaviors.

Distance to climate change consequences reduces willingness to engage in low-cost mitigation actions-Results from an experimental online study from Germany.

Adverse consequences of climate change often affect people and places far away from those that have the greatest capacity for mitigation. Several correlational and some experimental studies suggest that the willingness to take mitigation actions may diminish with increasing distance. However, the empirical findings are ambiguous. In order to investigate if and how socio-spatial distance to climate change effects plays a role for the willingness to engage in mitigation actions, we conducted an online experiment with a German population sample (n = 383). We find that the willingness to sign a petition for climate protection was significantly reduced when a person in India with a name of Indian origin was affected by flooding, as compared to a person in Germany with a name of German origin. Distance did not affect donating money to climate protection or approving of mitigation policies. Our results provide evidence for the existence of a negative effect of distance to climate change consequences on the willingness to engage in low-cost mitigation actions. Investigating explanations for such an effect, we find that it can be attributed to the spatial rather than the social dimension of distance. Moreover, we find some cautious evidence that people with strong racist attitudes react differently to the distance manipulations, suggesting a form of environmental racism that could also reduce mitigation action in the case of climate change.

Tumores estromales de potencial maligno incierto (STUMP): descripción epidemiológica y manejo durante el período 2004-2013 / Stromal tumors of an uncertain malignant potential (STUMP): epidemiological description and handling during the 2004-2013 period

Los tumores estromales de potencial maligno incierto (STUMP) se enmarcan dentro de las lesiones de células fusadas de la próstata, entidades de relativa infrecuencia en la práctica urológica habitual, contabilizándose entre 0,1-0,2 por ciento 1 de todas los tumores malignos prostáticos. Corresponden a una proliferación no epitelial mesenquimática de células fusadas estromales, que pueden adquirir la capacidad de infiltrar el epitelio glandular prostático. Representan un desafío tanto para el patólogo, por la dificultad diagnóstica, como para el clínico, pues no existe consenso respecto a su manejo. Materiales y métodos: estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. Se filtró la base de datos del servicio de Anatomía Patología del Hospital San Borja Arriarán con los términos clave “STUMP”, “Tumor estromal próstata”, tanto de biopsias transrrectales como de piezas operatorias. De los pacientes con diagnóstico histológico e inmunohistoquímico compatible, se registraron características epidemiológicas, estudio, manejo y sobrevida global. Resultados: se encontraron 3(tres) pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de STUMP. Edad promedio al diagnóstico 66años. Dos de los casos (66,6 ´po0r ciento) correspondieron a hallazgo en biopsia diferida por cirugía benigna prostática, (una por Adenomectomía transvesical y otra por RTU-P). El tercer caso correspondió a un hallazgo en biopsia por punción transrrectal ecodirigida, en contexto de PSA elevado (100ng/mL) y 4 biopsias previas: 3 normales, y una con informe de posible sarcoma prostático. La terapia de elección en 2 casos fue seguimiento y en uno se indicó cirugía radical. En los casos descritos no se registra mortalidad, con seguimiento promedio de 32 meses. Conclusión: Los tumores estromales de potencial maligno incierto son un diagnóstico histológico infrecuente, descrito como hallazgo tanto en la biopsia transrrectal como de pieza quirúrgica. No existen consensos internacionales ni guías de manejo. En nuestra experiencia...

Stromal tumors of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) are included in the spindle cell lesions of the adult prostate, a very rare diagnostic entity in the clinical practice, accounting no more than 0,1-0,2 percent of all prostate malignancies. STUMP is defined as a non epithelial proliferation of spindle cells, which can acquire the ability of infiltrate the prostate glands. This lesions represent a challenge for both clinical and pathology physician. Material and methods: retrospective cohort study. A research was performed at the San Borja Hospital Pathology Service’s database, using keywords “STUMP”, “Stromal prostate tumor”. From eligible patients we took epidemiology and clinical data. Results: a total of three patients were included. Average age was 66 years. STUMP was founded in two patients in the pathology report after benign prostatic surgery (Simple prostatectomy and TUR-P). A third patient was diagnosed by a needle biopsy (TRUS Biopsy). This patient had an elevated PSA (>100 ng/mL), 4 previous biopsies, three normal and a fourth suspicious of prostate sarcoma. Surveillance was the therapy chosen for those patients diagnosed with STUMP after benign surgery. Radical prostatectomy was offered to the third patient. Average follow up was 32 month Conclusion: STUMP is a rare diagnostic, and is a challenge for both clinical and pathology physician. There are no guidelines for the management. In our series we confirmed the low frequency of this condition, and the management in our service is similar as other series described in literature...