Effects of a partially perforated flooring system on animal-based welfare indicators in broiler housing.

Alternative flooring designs in broiler housing have been the subject of intensive research. Research comparing different floor types with a focus on animal-based welfare indicators might be of special interest to meet the animal's needs. This case-control study investigated the effect of a partially perforated vs. a littered flooring system on health- and behavior-based welfare indicators of fast-growing Ross 308 broilers. Furthermore, production performance was assessed. The experimental barn was partially (50%) equipped with a perforated floor directly underneath the feeders and water lines accessible by perforated ramps. Conventional wood shavings were used in the control barn, as usual in practice. There were 4 fattening periods (repetitions) of 31 to 32 D performed with 500 animals per barn (final density of 39 kg m-2). Beside the flooring system, management conditions were identical. Health- and behavior-based welfare indicators were assessed weekly. Production performance indicators were measured continuously during animal control. During the avoidance distance test, animals were less fearful on day 21 (P = 0.010) and tended to be less fearful on day 28 (P = 0.083) in the barn with the partially perforated flooring system compared to the littered control barn. More animals around the novel object were also assessed in the barn with the partially perforated flooring system during the novel object test on day 1 (P < 0.001) and a tendency was found on day 28 (P = 0.064). Results showed that the partially perforated flooring system had a positive influence on foot pad dermatitis from day 14 (all P ≤ 0.007) and hock burn on day 28 (P < 0.001). With regard to the production performance, animals showed no differences in final body weight for both floor types. In this study, the partially perforated flooring system had a positive effect on animal health and behavior as indicated by welfare indicators without a reduction in production performance.

[Laboratory changes in anorexia nervosa]. / Laborwertveränderungen bei Anorexia nervosa.

To correctly diagnose a patient with anorexia nervosa, medical history according to DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria and the physical examination is essential. Furthermore, it is useful for a physician to have knowledge regarding typical alteration in laboratory parameters of anorectic patients to realize diagnostical hints. Typical laboratory changes, although not exclusively seen in anorexia nervosa, include hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, liver enzyme elevation, and low red and white blood cell count. The hormones leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), triiodothyronine (T3), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and oestrogen are usually below the normal range, whereas ghrelin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and cortisol levels are reported to be typically elevated.

[Myositides]. / Myositiden.

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are diseases that are potentially amenable to immunomodulatory therapy. The challenge for the neuropathologist consists in distinguishing these myopathies from secondary inflammatory myopathies, especially in the context of some muscular dystrophies and metabolic diseases that may also show inflammatory infiltrates. There are generalized IIMs (dermatomyositis, polymyositis, sporadic inclusion body myositis) and focal ones (e.g., proliferative myositis, macrophagic myofasciitis). This review provides diagnostic criteria for each of these and includes pathogenetic mechanisms where available.

Building the Hospital Without Walls--a CSIRO home telecare initiative.

Aging populations and rising health costs have created the need to care for more patients in their own homes. Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) is developing a project, Hospital Without Walls, which aims to provide continuous monitoring of patients in certain diagnostic categories. The key technology is a miniature, wearable, low-power radio that can transmit vital sign and activity information to a home computer, from which data may be sent by telephone line and the Internet to appropriate medical professionals. The initial clinical scenario for this work is monitoring of elderly patients who have presented to hospitals following repeated falls. Accelerometers built into the radio sets will monitor activity and detect and characterise falls. Simultaneous measurement of heart rate will provide information about abnormalities of cardiovascular physiology at the time of a fall. The system has been tested in laboratory conditions and is being adapted for initial clinical trials.

Immunohistological characterization of leukocytes in the lungs of healthy mice and after bacterial intratracheal infection.

Leukocytes in the peripheral lung parenchyma of mice have not been characterized histologically during bacterial infection. The aim of this study was to investigate (a) the immunohistological characteristics of healthy murine lungs and (b) the cell kinetics during acute inflammation. BALB/c and MF1 mice were examined; as well as transgenic mice with the gene defect of cystic fibrosis (CF) in the airways as an animal model for this disease. MF1 mice served as controls for the transgenic animals. Lavaged and perfused lungs were snap frozen. B and T lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils and a subset of macrophages were enumerated on cryostat lung sections. The lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of BALB/c mice, infected intratracheally with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), were studied at different time points after infection. In the lungs of healthy mice, including CF mice, the largest population was that of T cells, CD4+ cells being always more frequent than CD8+ cells. During acute inflammation the number of neutrophils in the lung parenchyma and BAL increased strongly within the first hours after bacterial instillation and reached baseline levels within one week. This study provides a semi-quantitative analysis of immunocompetent cells in normal and infected murine lung tissue. Differences in cell numbers are found between different strains. Moreover, the cellular reaction during Hib infection in mouse lungs is dominated by neutrophils, as expected in a primary immune response. In uninfected CF mice the numbers and distribution of immune cells in the lung tissue are normal, indicating that the cellular defense is adequate.